Liang Fa
Template:Short description Template:Stack begin Template:Chinese
Template:Stack end Template:Family name hatnote Liang Fa (1789–1855), also known by other names, was the second Chinese Protestant convert and the first Chinese Protestant minister and evangelist. He was ordained by Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary in the Qing Empire. His tract Good Words to Admonish the Age was influential on Hong Xiuquan, who went on to lead the Taiping Rebellion.
NameEdit
Liang FaTemplate:Sfn is the pinyin romanization of Liang's usual Chinese name, which his father used.Template:Sfnp Template:NowrapTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfnp is the Jyutping romanization of the same name in Cantonese, the usual spoken dialect of Guangdong's natives. His personal name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the common Chinese verb for "to send" but in Chinese grammar can also be understood as its past participle, "[he who is] sent".Template:Sfnp He is also known as Template:Nowrap,<ref name=wo>Template:Harvp.</ref>Template:Sfnp "Template:Nowrap",Template:Sfnp "Afa",Template:Sfnp "Template:Nowrap"Template:Sfn or "Template:Nowrap"<ref name=lydia>Template:Harvp.</ref> from the Southern Chinese habit of forming affectionate nicknames using the prefix Ā- (now {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, formerly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Template:Nowrap was apparently his complete name, although it was used less often.Template:Sfnp It variously appears as "Leang Kung-fa",<ref name=wo/> "Leang Kung-fah",Template:Sfn and "Leong Kung Fa".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfnp
LifeEdit
Liang was born in the village of Gulao (then known as "Lohtsun"),Template:Sfn Gaoming County,Template:Sfnp in Sanzhou ("Samchow"), Guangdong, in 1789.Template:Sfn Although he came from a poor family, they made an effort to give him a classical Chinese education at the village school. This consisted of the Four Books, three of the Five Classics, and the Sacred Edict.<ref name=wo/> They were unable to afford his schooling until he was 11; at age 15, he was compelled to seek work as a brush-makerTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Refn in Guangzhou (then known as "Canton").Template:Sfn He soon left this to apprentice as a printer,Template:Sfn for whom he carved characters onto wooden blocks.<ref name=wo/> After four years, he left to a nearby village to ply the trade. He returned to Gulao in 1810 to mourn his mother's death and then returned to the area around Guangzhou.<ref name=wo/>
In 1811 and 1812, Cai Luxing ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}},Template:Sfnp known at the time as "Tsae Low-heen")Template:Sfn was helping Robert Morrison to publish his Chinese translation of the New TestamentTemplate:Sfn and in one of those years Liang began to assist in carving the work's printing blocks.Template:Sfnp An imperial edict of 1812 prohibited the publication of Christian texts in Chinese; it declared that Christianity was a menace to Chinese culture as it "neither holds spirits in veneration nor ancestors in reverence".Template:Sfnp Nonetheless, Cai's younger brother—probably named Gao—became the Protestants' first Chinese convert, baptized at a secluded seaside spring on July 16, 1814,Template:Sfnp and Liang became their second.Template:Sfnp The missionary William Milne employed Liang as his Chinese teacher and Liang went with him to the Malacca mission in April 1815Template:Sfn to assist him with printing his Chinese-language tracts.<ref name=wo/> At his request, he was baptized by Milne at noon on November 3, 1816, so that there would be no shadows present.Template:Sfnp He adopted the pen name "Student of the Good".Template:Sfn
Liang returned to China in April 1819 to see his family.<ref name=wo/> Under Morrison's supervision, he prepared 200 copies of a 37-page tract of Miscellaneous Exhortations<ref name=wt/> for his friends and neighbors. The police reacted harshly, arresting him and burning both the copies and the printing blocks used to publish them. Morrison got him released two days later, but he had already been beaten thirty times with a bamboo cane and compelled to pay $70. He remained forty days with his family and then returned to Malacca. He returned again in 1820, successfully converting and baptizing his wife before returning to Malacca the next year.<ref name=wo/>
Following Milne's death, he came home in 1823. On November 20, he had Morrison baptize his son Jinde ("Tsin-tih").<ref name=wo/> A month later, Morrison appointed him as a lay evangelist for the London Missionary SocietyTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn and in 1827 ordained him as a full minister, the first native Chinese to do so.Template:Sfnp He preached at hospitals and chapels and, after writing his own tracts, thought to distribute Christian literature to the scholars gathered for the prefectural and provincial imperial exams.Template:Sfnp He printed 7,000Template:Sfnp or 70,000Template:Sfn tracts in a single year and personally distributed them to the thousands who came for the testsTemplate:Sfn in Guangzhou and in the prefectural seats of Guangdong.<ref name=wt>Template:Harvp.</ref> It was at one such session that Hong Xiuquan first encountered Liang's work Good Words to Admonish the Age.Template:Sfnp He converted a printer named Lin ("Lam"); Li San, who became his assistant; and others.Template:Sfn Liang accompanied Wat Ngong, another Chinese Christian printer, on his Template:Convert trek in 1830, distributing their Christian tracts across southwest Guangdong.Template:Sfnp He continued the practice for three or four more years.Template:Sfnp There are unclear references to some long-standing dispute between Wat and Liang that was eventually resolved;Template:Sfnp they worked together in Malacca and again to continue the mission with another native worker after Morrison's death.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>
The 1833 Government of India Act ended the East India Company's legal monopoly on Britain's share of the Canton trade. Amid the diplomatic crisis occasioned by the increase in opium smuggling and Lord Napier's resort to force to assert his right to act as the British consul in Guangzhou, the Emperor personally expressed disbelief that westerners were responsible for the Chinese-language magazines and broadsides being distributed by the English. Qing subjects were forbidden to teach to the language, and a crackdown was ordered.Template:Sfn Morrison died in August 1834 and, several days into Liang's distribution of tracts at Guangzhou's provincial exams a few weeks later, the city's police came for him and his companions. Liang escaped to Macao,Template:Refn but an assistant in Guangzhou and several family members in Sanzhou were seized.Template:Sfn Unlike his father, John Morrison helped Liang by paying the $800 for the ten captives himself.Template:Sfnp
He again left for Malacca with his son Lou. He was formally attached to the London mission there in 1837<ref name=wt/> and, while working there with Wat Ngong, caused a "spike" in conversions, netting more than thirty converts in a span of months. When many of these new converts later abandoned the faith, it prompted disputes within the LMS about the meaning and requirements for baptism.Template:Sfnp Liang moved to the mission at Singapore the next year. He finally returned to China in July 1839.<ref name=wt/> He then joined Peter Parker's missionary hospitalTemplate:Sfn on Hog Lane in Guangzhou's Thirteen Factories trading ghetto. At an 1841 congressional hearing in Washington, Parker quoted Liang as saying "When I meet men in the streets and villages and tell them the folly of worshipping idols they laugh at me. Their hearts are very hard. But when men are sick and are healed their hearts are very soft".Template:Sfnp For similar reasons, he opposed Britain's persecution of the First Opium War, saying its support of opium smugglers and assaults on China would turn its people against Christianity in general and British missionaries in particular.Template:Citation needed In 1845, Liang became the hospital's chaplain, leading regular services and visiting patients. Parker noted him often sharing his conversion story and scriptural passages.Template:Sfn
Liang helped Robert Morrison's son-in-law Benjamin Hobson locate a residence and establish his clinic in Guangzhou's western suburbs in 1848. Liang then moved his work there, since it began to treat more than two hundred patients daily. Four men and six women joined him for services, but more than a hundred might watch their ceremony.Template:Sfn He baptized Hok Chau, who worked at the hospital illustrating Hobson's medical treatises,Template:Sfn in 1852;<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Chau later went on to succeed Liang as minister there.Template:Sfn
He was unhappy with his son Jinde's government job, which required him to work on Sundays.Template:Sfn He also had a daughter Template:Nowrap and a third child, who died in 1832.<ref name=wo/>
He died on 12 April 1855.Template:Sfn
WorksEdit
Template:Expand list Liang Fa wrote under the pen name "Student of the Good"Template:Sfn or "Retired Student of the Good".<ref name=wt/>
He is primarily remembered for his Quànshì Liángyán Template:Nowrap Template:Nowrap, formerly romanized as K'euen She Lëang Yen<ref name=wth>Template:Harvp.</ref> and Ch'üan-shih Liang-yen<ref name=lydia/> and variously translatedTemplate:Refn as Good Words to Admonish the Age,Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp "Good News to Admonish the Ages",Template:Sfn "Good News to Admonish the World",Template:Refn "Good Words to Exhort the World",<ref name=lydia/> "Good Words Exhorting the Age",<ref name=wth/> "Good Words Exhorting Mankind",Template:Sfnp &c. Revised by Morrison,<ref name=wth/> it was printed in Guangzhou in early 1832 and in Malacca later that year.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn It comprised a form of the New Testament in vernacular Chinese based upon Morrison's classical Chinese translation,<ref name=lydia/> along with ten homilies,Template:Refn some of Liang's tracts, an attack on Chinese religions, and his conversion story.Template:Sfn Although often called a "tract", it was over 500 pages long in nine stand-alone chapters or scrolls (juan),Template:Refn which appear to have often been printed in four-volume sets.Template:Sfn It largely dwelt on the omnipotence of God the Father, the degrading nature and effects of idolatry and other sins, and the personal choice between salvation and damnation.Template:Refn Its actual text long went unstudied since only four copies are known to have survived the suppression of the Taipings: one copy of the Malacca edition is held by the New York Public Library, one copy of the Guangzhou edition is held by Harvard University, and two more were held by the London Missionary Society.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn A third and fourth edition, both abridged, were also printed at Singapore.<ref name=wf>Template:Harvp.</ref>
He also published:<ref name=wttf>Template:Harvp.</ref>Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn
- Template:Citation. Template:In lang
- Template:Citation, Template:In lang autobiographical & probably a second edition<ref name=wt/>
- Template:Citation. Template:In lang
- Template:Citation, reprinted 1832 by the British & Foreign School Society. Template:In lang
- Template:Citation, Template:In lang a translation of the Morning Service of Church of England, with the prayers done by Liang and the hymns by others<ref name=wfi>Template:Harvp.</ref>
- Template:Citation.Template:Citation needed
- Template:Citation.Template:Citation needed
- Template:Citation.Template:Citation needed
Liang also assisted Milne's Monthly Chinese MagazineTemplate:Sfnp and created The Monthly Total Record of the Inspection of the Worldly Customs (《察世俗每月統記傳》 Cha Shisu Meiyue Tongji Zhuan), one of the first Chinese magazines.Template:Citation needed
LegacyEdit
Liang was an important participant in the establishment of Protestantism in China,Template:Sfn but is most remembered for the influence of his tracts on Hong Xiuquan and his Taiping rebels, for whom Good Words to Admonish the Age became a sacred text.<ref name=lydia/>
Liang's grave was found to be on land purchased for the expansion of Lingnan University (formerly Canton Christian College and now Sun Yat-sen University). He was re-interred in the center of the college campus on the site reserved for the college chapel. The site was dedicated 7 June 1920.