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List of life sciences

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This list of life sciences comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings. This science is one of the two major branches of natural science, the other being physical science, which is concerned with non-living matter. Biology is the overall natural science that studies life, with the other life sciences as its sub-disciplines.

Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Some focus on the micro-scale (e.g. molecular biology, biochemistry) other on larger scales (e.g. cytology, immunology, ethology, pharmacy, ecology). Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the mindTemplate:Spaced ndashneuroscience. Life sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life and have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries. For example, it has provided information on certain diseases which has overall aided in the understanding of human health.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Basic life science branchesEdit

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  • Astrobiology – the study of the formation and presence of life in the universe<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Biotechnology – study of combination of both the living organism and technology<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually focused on the cellular level<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Bioinformatics – developing of methods or software tools for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data to generate useful biological knowledge<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Biophysics – study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods that have been traditionally used in the physical sciences<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Botany – study of plants<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Cell biology (cytology) – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
  • Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Marine biology – the study of ocean organisms
  • Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms
    • Aerobiology – study of the movement and transportation of microorganisms in the air<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Applied life science branches and derived conceptsEdit

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  • Agriculture – science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock
    • Agronomy – science of cultivating plants for resources
  • Biocomputers – systems of biologically derived molecules, such as DNA and proteins, are used to perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The development of biological computing has been made possible by the expanding new science of nanobiotechnology.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Biopolymer – polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Chandra, R., and Rustgi, R., "Biodegradable Polymers", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 23, p. 1273 (1998)</ref><ref>Kumar, A., et al., "Smart Polymers: Physical Forms & Bioengineering Applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 32, p.1205 (2007)</ref>
  • Biotechnology – manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Conservation biology – the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Food science – applied science devoted to the study of food. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce and conserve these foods, choice of packaging materials, shelf-life studies, study of the effects of food on the human body, sensory evaluation of products using panels or potential consumers, as well as microbiological, physical (texture and rheology) and chemical testing.<ref name="Nestle teams up with Singapore for food science research">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.<ref name="pevsner2009">Template:Cite book</ref> In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.<ref name="gov2010a">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="culver2002">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

  • Health sciences – sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. These two subject matters relate to multiple academic disciplines, both STEM disciplines, as well as emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research), and are both relevant to current health science knowledge.
    • Medical devices – A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implant, in vitro reagent, or similar or related article that is used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or other conditions, and does not achieve its purposes through chemical action within or on the body (which would make it a drug).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Whereas medicinal products (also called pharmaceuticals) achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means, medical devices act by other means like physical, mechanical, or thermal means.
    • Medical imaging – the technique and process used to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical or physiological research purposes<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
    • Immunotherapy – the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Kinesiology – scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of kinesiology to human health include: biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport psychology; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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File:Structural MRI animation.ogv
Parasagittal MRI of the head, with aliasing artifacts

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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