Lincoln Ellsworth

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Lincoln Ellsworth (May 12, 1880 – May 26, 1951) was an American polar explorer, engineer, surveyor, and author. He led the first Arctic and Antarctic air crossings.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Linn Ellsworth was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 12, 1880.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> His parents were Eva Frances (née Butler) and James Ellsworth, a wealthy coal mine owner and financier.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Ellsworth__Lincoln.html Template:Dead link</ref> He was named Linn after his uncle William Linn, but changed his name to Lincoln when he was a child.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His mother died in 1888.<ref name=":3" /> Ellsworth and his sister moved to Hudson, Ohio to live with his grandmother.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> He attended the Western Reserve Academy in Hudson and The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He took two years longer than usual to graduate, before entering the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University.<ref name=":2" /> His academic performance was poor, and he subsequently enrolled at Columbia University School of Mines and studied civil engineering.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He joined the fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall) at Yale in 1900 and Columbia in 1901.<ref name=":1" />

After dropping out of college in 1903, Ellsworth climbed the Andes with a fraternity brother.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CareerEdit

Ellsworth was a surveyor and engineer with a team conducting the first Canadian Grand Pacific Railroad survey from 1902 to 1907.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He worked the winter of 1904 in his father's coal mine.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1905, he worked as an assistant engineer of a gold mine in Teller Alska.<ref name=":3" /> In 1906, he returned to his father's coal mine, working as an engineer.<ref name=":3" /> He then worked as an engineer in Alaska and Canada from 1907 to 1924, including spending three years with the United States Biological Survey, gold prospecting along the Peace River, and working on a railroad over the Rocky Mountains in Alaska.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" />

During World War I, he served in the United States Army and trained as an aviator.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Elsworth led the trans-Andean topographic survey from the Amazon River basin to the Pacific Ocean in Peru for Johns Hopkins University in 1924.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Ellsworth joined the first expedition to try to fly over the North Pole in 1925.<ref name=":1" /> His father spent US$100,000 ($Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) to fund Roald Amundsen's 1925 attempt to fly from Svalbard to the North Pole. Amundsen, accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, flight mechanic Karl Feucht, and two other team members, set out in two Dornier Wal flying boats, the N24 and N25, in an attempted to reach the North Pole on May 21. When one airplane lost power, both made forced landings and, as a result, became separated. It took three days for the crews to regroup and seven takeoff attempts before they could return N25 to the air 28 days later. Ellsworth senior died in Italy on June 2, 1925, while waiting for news of his lost son.

In early March 1926, under the headline "Across the Pole by Dirigible", The New York Times announced the Amundsen-Ellsworth Expedition.<ref name="beekman">Template:Cite book</ref> A long article in the same edition (by Fitzhugh Green, one of Byrd's navy colleagues) was headed "Massed Attack On Polar Region Begins Soon."<ref name="beekman" /> Ellsworth accompanied Amundsen on his second effort to fly over the Pole in the airship Norge, designed and piloted by the Italian engineer Umberto Nobile, in a flight from Svalbard to Alaska. On May 12, the Geographic North Pole was sighted.

Ellsworth made four expeditions to Antarctica between 1933 and 1939 using as his aircraft transporter and base, a former Norwegian herring boat that he named Template:HMAS after his hero.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The aircraft, named Polar Star, was a Northrop Gamma outfitted with skis.

On November 23, 1935, Ellsworth discovered the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica when he made a trans-Antarctic flight from Dundee Island to the Ross Ice Shelf. He gave the descriptive name Sentinel Range, which was later named for the northern half of the Ellsworth Mountains. During the flight, his aircraft ran out of fuel, forcing a landing near the Little America camp established by Richard Byrd. Because of a faulty radio, he and his pilot, Herbert Hollick-Kenyon, were unable to notify authorities about the landing. The two men were declared missing, and the British research ship Discovery steamed out from Melbourne, Australia<ref>F.D. Ommanney devotes a chapter to these preparations in South Latitude publ. 1938</ref> to search for them. The two men were discovered on January 16, 1936, after almost two months alone at Little America.<ref>"Ellsworth and Kenyon Found Safe: Missing Men Located At Byrd's Camp", Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner. January 17, 1936. Page A1.</ref> They returned to New York City on April 6, and their support ship Wyatt Earp arrived separately two weeks later.<ref>"Ellsworth party greeted on return", The New York Times. April 20, 1936. Page 13.</ref>

HonorsEdit

Ellsworth received honorary degrees from Yale University and Kenyon College.<ref name=":7" /> In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Lincoln Ellsworth an Honorary Scout, a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration, and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys..."<ref name="time29aug1927">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Boy Scout's Book of True Adventure, Fourteen Honorary Scouts, includes an essay "The First Crossing of the Polar Sea" by Lincoln Ellsworth.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1928, Ellsworth was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal that honored both his 1925 and 1926 polar flights.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He received the Hubbard Gold Medal from the National Geographic Society in 1936 for his Antarctic expedition and aerial survey.<ref name=":4" /> He received a second Congressional Gold Medal in 1936 for "his claims on behalf of the United States of approximately 350,000 square miles in Antarctica and for his 2,500-mile aerial survey of the heart of Antarctica."<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1937, he was awarded the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his improvements in the technique of polar aerial navigation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The American Museum of Natural History created the Lincoln Ellsworth exhibit about his Arctic and Antarctic voyages in 1933; it remains open to the public as of 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The former Antarctic base Ellsworth Station was named after him. Ellsworth Land, Mount Ellsworth, and Lake Ellsworth, all in Antarctica, are all named for Lincoln Ellsworth.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Alberts, Fred G., ed. Geographic Names of the Antarctic (2nd edition). Reston, Virginia: United States Board on Geographic Names, 1995. pp. 218-219</ref> The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in his honor in 1988.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1919, the high school athletic teams of Hudson High School in Hudson, Ohio, were nicknamed "The Explorers" after Ellsworth.<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hudson’s Ellsworth Hill Elementary is also named after him.<ref name=":6" />

Personal lifeEdit

On May 23, 1933, Ellsworth married naturalist and historian Mary Louise Ulmer of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The couple met while taking flying lessons in Switzerland.<ref name=":1" /> They had no children.<ref name=":7" /> They lived at 35 East 76th Street in New York City and in the Schloss Lenzburg castle in Switzerland, bequeathed to Ellsworth by his father.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" />

He was a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History and was also a major benefactor of the museum.<ref name=":4" /> He also served on the board of trustees of Western Reserve Academy from 1926 to 1951.<ref name=":7" />

Ellsworth died of heart failure at his home in New York City on May 26, 1951, at the age of 71.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":4" /> He was buried in Hudson, Ohio.<ref name=":7" />

PublicationsEdit

BooksEdit

Our Polar Flight, with Roald Amundsen. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1925.
First Crossing of the Polar Sea, with Roald Amundsen. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1925.
D'Europe en Amérique par le Pôle Nord: Voyage du Dirigeable "Norge", with Roald Amundsen. Paris: Albin Michel, 1927.
Search. New York; Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1932.

Exploring Today. New York City: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1935.
Beyond Horizons: The Autobiography of the Great Polar Explorer. Garden City: Doubleday, 1938.

Magazine articlesEdit

"My Flight Across Antarctica" National Georgraphic, vol. 70, no. 1 (1936)
"The First Crossing of Antarctica". Royal Geographic Society, vol. 89, no. 3 (January 1937).

"My Four Antarctic Expeditions, Explorations of 1933-39 Have Stricken Vast Areas from the Realm of the Unknown". National Georgraphic, vol. 76, no. 1 (July 1939).