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Lipan Apache people

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100 (SIL 1977) <ref name=ethno>"Lipan Apache." Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</ref> |Total population}}

| data2 = U.S. Census: 1,077 (2010), self-identified<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
100 (SIL 1977) <ref name=ethno>"Lipan Apache." Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</ref> {{#if:|(Template:Comma separated entries)}} {{#if: | (including those of ancestral descent)}} | label3 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data3 = | label4 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data4 = | label5 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data5 =

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New Mexico,<ref name="marr7">Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 7.</ref> Oklahoma,<ref name=marr7/> Texas<ref name=marr7/> |Regions with significant populations}} | data7 = United States:
New Mexico,<ref name="marr7">Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 7.</ref> Oklahoma,<ref name=marr7/> Texas<ref name=marr7/> | header8 = | data9 =

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Coahuila<ref name=marr18>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 18</ref> | label12 = | data12 = | label13 = | data13 = | label14 = | data14 = | label15 = | data15 = | label16 = | data16 = | label17 = | data17 = | label18 = | data18 = | label19 = | data19 = | label20 = | data20 = | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:English, Spanish, Lipan Apache |Languages}} | data62 = English, Spanish, Lipan Apache | header63 = {{#if: |Religion}} | data64 = | header65 = {{#if:other Apache peoples |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:other Apache peoples |other Apache peoples Template:Main other }}

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other Lipan Apache are a band of Apache, a Southern Athabaskan Indigenous people, who have lived in the Southwest and Southern Plains for centuries. At the time of European and African contact, they lived in New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas,<ref name=marr3/> and northern Mexico. Historically, they were the easternmost band of Apache.<ref name=swanton301>Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 301</ref>

The descendants of the Lipan Apache live primarily in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes: the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico,<ref name="marr3">Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 3.</ref> the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma,<ref name="swanton301" /> and Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, which is also known as the Kiowa Apache or Plains Apache.<ref name="swanton323" /><ref name="ohs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Lipan Apache, however, are not a federally recognized tribe.<ref name="ohs" /> Additionally, Lipan Apache descendants are members of non-federally recognized groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="observer" /><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NameEdit

File:Lipan Apache children at Carlisle.jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Jack Mather (d. 1888) from New Mexico, at Carlisle Indian School, ca. 1885.

The name "Lipan" is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Łipa-į́ Ndé or Lépai-Ndé ("Light Gray People"), reflecting their migratory story.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> The earliest known written record of the Lipan Apache identified this tribe as Ypandes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Nancy McGown Minor wrote that the word Lipan stems from the Lipan words lépai, which means 'the color gray', and ndé, which means 'the people', which would make Lipan mean 'The Light Gray People'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name Apache may be of Zuni origin, coming from the word apachu, which means 'enemy', or perhaps from the Ute, who referred to this group as Awa'tehe.

Apaches' autonym is Inde or Nde, meaning "the people."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The terms Eastern Apache and Texas Apache can also include them as well as the Chiricahua and Mescalero.<ref>Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 202</ref> I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches notes that Spanish explorers recorded their encounters with the Chipaines, Conejeros, Rio Colorados, and Anchos living along the Canadian River, who were ancestors of the Lipan.<ref name="robinson">Template:Cite book</ref>

LanguageEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language, considered to be closely related to the Jicarilla Apache language.<ref name="swanton322"/> Linguist Harry Hoijer noted that in 1938, the Lipan people in South Texas spoke a Southern Athapaskan language.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As of 2009, there may be no remaining speakers, and the language is considered almost extinct or dormant.<ref name="ethnologue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1981, only two or three elderly speakers of Lipan remained on the Mescalero Apache Reservation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are ongoing efforts and funding aimed to revitalize the language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Confederated eastern Apache bands had a homeland that spanned from the Southern Great Plains to the Gulf of Mexico, with significant presence in what is now Texas.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> While there is little archeological evidence of the Lipan Apache, some pictographs in Paint Rock, Texas–located in Concho County–depict the Lipan's stories of emergence, sacred ceremonies, monsters, and mythic heroes. These pictographs span 12,000 years and may have contributions from as many as 300 tribes.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nomadic Lipan Apache, Jumanos, Tonkawa, and Comanche peoples inhabited the Concho Valley and are believed to have contributed to the drawings found at the pictograph site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Pictographs depicting a structure featuring crosses and a devil may relate to the mission and are believed to have been created by the Lipan.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

16th and 17th centuriesEdit

File:Wohngebiet Lipan.png
Map with locations of Lipan Apache territory in the 17th and 18th centuries

Ancestors of the Lipan Apache living along the Canadian River made the first known European contact during the Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who traveled there in 1541, and were still in the region when Diego de Vargas arrived in 1694.<ref name=robinson/> Historians believe the Teya Indians of the Texas Panhandle likely merged into the Lipan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lipan Apache obtained horses from the Spanish by 1608<ref>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 10</ref> and adopted a nomadic lifestyle. They were excellent horsemen and freely raided settlements.<ref>Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 204</ref> Throughout the 17th century, Spaniards raided Apache communities for slaves.<ref name=marr10-18>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), pp. 10, 18</ref> The Acho, a branch of Lipan, fought with Taos Pueblo and Picuris Pueblo people against the Spanish in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.<ref name=marr16>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 16</ref>

In 1684, Spanish colonists completed the Mission San Francisco de los Julimes near Presidio, Texas, to serve Jumano, Julime, and neighboring tribes. These tribes taught the peyote ceremony to the Tonkawa and Lipan, who in turn, shared it with the Comanches, Mescalero Apaches, and Plains Apaches.<ref name=marr16/> In the 1860s, Spanish chroniclers wrote that some Lipan Apache lived near the Gulf Coast and adopted lifeways of the neighboring Karankawa.<ref name=marr16/>

18th centuryEdit

File:Campwood-tx2016-40(mission-site).jpg
Historic marker for Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz, founded by Franciscan missionaries among the Lipan Apache Indians in 1762. Abandoned in 1769

By 1700, Lipan had settled across southern Texas and into Coahuila, Mexico. They still lived in agricultural settlements, where they farmed indigenous crops such as pumpkins, corn, and beans, as well as watermelons,<ref name=marr10-18/> introduced from Africa. French explorer Bénard de La Harpe encountered the Lipan Apache near present-day Latimer County, Oklahoma, in 1719.<ref name=ohs/>

The Lipan were first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio. They frequently raided Spanish supply trains traveling from Coahuila to the newly established San Antonio.<ref>Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 205</ref>

In 1749, two Lipan Apache chiefs joined other Apache leaders in signing one of the earliest recorded peace treaties with Spain in San Antonio.<ref name=marr28>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 28</ref> Some Lipan Apache people settled northwest of San Antonio during the mid-18th century.<ref name=marr28/>

Spanish colonists built forts and missions near Lipan settlements.<ref>Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), pp. 16, 22</ref> A mission on the San Sabá River was completed in 1757 but destroyed by the Comanche and the Wichita.<ref name=swanton322>Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 322</ref> That same year, the Lipan Apache fought the Hasinais,<ref>Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 47</ref> a band of Caddo people. The Lipan participated in a Spanish expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759 but were defeated in the Battle of the Twin Villages.<ref name="John">Template:Cite book</ref> Missions established for the Lipan at Candelaria and San Lorenzo were destroyed by the Comanche in 1767.<ref name=swanton323>Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 323</ref>

By 1767, all Lipan had completely deserted the Spanish missions. In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe.<ref>Ewers, John C. "The Influence of Epidemics on the Indian Populations and Cultures of Texas." Plains Anthropologist, vol. 18, no. 60, 1973, pp. 104–15. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25667140. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.</ref>

19th centuryEdit

File:Lipan apache 1857.jpg
Illustration of a Lipan Apache warrior, 1857

In the early 19th century, Lipan Apache primarily lived in south and west Texas, south of the Colorado River to the Gulf of Mexico and east to the Rio Grande.<ref name=ohs/> They were allied to the Tonkawa beginning in this century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To resist their enemies the Comanche and the Mexicans, the Lipan Apache allied with the Republic of Texas in the 1830s. They served as scouts to the Texas Militia during the Texas Revolution of 1835–36.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The State of Texas owned massive war debts and used land sales to raise funds following statehood, leaving almost no land to American Indians. Texas established the Brazos Reservation in 1854, where around 2,000 members of the Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, and Tonkawa tribes, but then the tribes to relocate to Indian Territory by 1859.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1855, some Lipan Apache joined the Brazos Reservation; however, most did not. Some joined the Plains Apache in Oklahoma; others joined the Mescalero in New Mexico, and others fled to Mexico.<ref name=ohs/>

In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate the Lipan Apache, who were blamed for inciting conflict.<ref name=minor156>Template:Cite book</ref> Chief Magoosh (Lipan, ca. 1830–1900) led his band from Texas and joined the Mescalero Apache on the Mescalero Reservation in 1870.<ref name=minor156/> Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors fled to the Mescaleros in New Mexico.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1879, a group of 17 Lipan settled near Fort Griffin, Texas, but in 1884 they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, where they joined the Tonkawa.<ref name=ohs/>

In 1891, the Lipans negotiated with President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz to preserve the Lipan’s tribal land in Zaragosa. This agreement lasted about 12 years until they were displaced from Zaragosa after resisting joining the Mexican Army.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>

20th centuryEdit

In October 1903, 19 Lipan Apaches who fled Texas into Coahuila were taken to northwest Chihuahua and kept as prisoners of war until 1905. They were released to the Mescalero Reservation.<ref name=swanton323/><ref name=marr3/>

BandsEdit

The Lipan Apache emerged from an amalgamation of several Eastern Apache bands united within a large confederacy and who shared a cultural and historic bond. As a confederacy, they united to defend against the Comanche and their allies. By about 1720, the Comanche drove the Lipan Apache from the southern Great Plains.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> By the early 18th century, the Lipan were divided into regional groupings/divisions comprising several bands - the Forest Lipan division (Lower Lipan bands), the Plains Lipan division (Upper Lipan bands), and bands who lived primarily in northern Mexico (Mexican Lipan bands).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Lower Lipan bands; Forest Lipan divisionEdit

  • Red Hair People (Tséral tuétahäⁿ): absorbed later into the Sun Otter band or the Green Mountain band, lived south of the Nueces River in Texas, no longer existed in 1884.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=93">Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Sun Otter band (Tcheshä’ⁿ): ranged from San Antonio, Texas, south to the Rio Grande.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=93"/>
  • Green Mountain band (Tsél tátlidshäⁿ): absorbed later by the High-Beaked Moccasin band, lived in the lower Texas Gulf Plains along the lower Colorado, Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=94">Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • High-Beaked Moccasin band (Kóke metcheskó lähäⁿ): lived south of San Antonio as far as northern Mexico.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Tall Grass band (Cuelcahende): lived from southwestern Kansas to northeastern Durango.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Heads of Wolves People (Tsés tsembai): lived above the Colorado River, possibly in the Lubbock area. May represent an early Lipan presence in north Texas before the Commanche moved in.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=97">Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Trees Tall Standing People (Tcic n’ti óané) & Red Mud People (Gocłic Łit’xuné): merged to form the Canneci Tinné,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Citation needed the easternmost band of Apache, whose territory includes present-day St. Martin & Lafayette parishes in Louisiana. The Canneci were noted as early as 1700 by Jean-Baptiste LeMoyne, Sieur de Bienville<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Upper Lipan / Plains Lipan divisionEdit

  • Fire or Camp Circle band (Ndáwe ɣóhäⁿ): lived west to southwest of Fort Griffin, from the San Saba River to the Rio Grande River.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=94"/>
  • Pulverizing or Rubbing band (Tchóⁿ kanäⁿ): absorbed later by the Little Breech-clout band, lived west of Fort Griffin, Texas, to the western side of the Rio Grande, believed extinct by 1884.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=94"/>
  • Little Breech-clout band (Tchaⁿshka ózhäyeⁿ): lived along the lower Pecos River in Texas.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=95">Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Uplander band (Täzhä'ⁿ): lived along the upper Rio Grande in southern New Mexico but would migrate to the upper Nueces River in Texas to hunt buffalo.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=95"/>
  • Prairie Men (Kó'l kukä'ⁿ): known as the Llaneros by the late 18th century, lived west of Ft. Griffin along the upper Colorado and Concho Rivers and ranged to west of the Pecos River.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=95"/>
  • Wild Goose Band (Teł kóndahäⁿ): possibly absorbed by the Prairie Man band in the late 18th century, lived along the upper Colorado River west of Fort Griffin in Texas, were renowned and fierce warriors.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=95"/>
  • North Band (Shä-äⁿ): lived in the mid-19th century in northwestern Texas in territory inhabited by the Kiowa Apache.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=96">Template:Harvtxt</ref>

Mexican Lipan bands

  • Big Water band (Kú’ne tsá): in the mid-18th century, this band broke from their kin in San Antonio and moved into northern Coahuila near Zaragos,  lived along the Escondido and San Rodrigo Rivers and in the Santa Rosa and Sierra El Burro Mountains of Mexico.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=96"/>
  • Painted Wood People (Tsésh ke shénde or Tséc kecénde): lived in Lavón, Coahuila, Mexico, between Zaragosa and Morelos, believed extinct by 1884.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=97"/>

The Spanish associated these groupings with the Lipan:

  • Lipiyánes: a coalition of Lipans, Nastagés, and other Lipans who lived along the Pecos, joined together by 1780 under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle (Strong Arm), to battle the Comanche’s southern expansion.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Natagés (Mescal People): culturally affiliated with the Mescalero Apache, lived along the Pecos River and were strong allies of the Lipan Apaches.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
  • Pelones (Bald/Hairless Ones): name given to the Forest Lipan division by the Spaniards probably in reference to Lipan custom of plucking facial hair, lived in the upper Brazos area along the Red River of north-central Texas.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>

PopulationEdit

Ethnographer James Mooney estimated that there were 500 Lipan Apache in 1690.<ref name=swanton323/> Missionary priest Friar Diego Ximenez estimated the Lipan population to total 5,000 in 1762, 3,000 in 1763, and 4,000 in 1764.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref><ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009b|p=61">Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1778, Spanish military commanders meeting in Monclova, Coahuila, estimated the population of Lipan men to be 5,000.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009b|p=61"/> By 1820, Mexican government official Juan Padilla estimated that there were 700 Lipans in Texas.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=99">Template:Harvtxt</ref> Opler and Ray estimated that the Lipan population between 1845-1855 ranged from 500 to 1000.<ref name="harvtxt|Minor|2009a|p=99"/> The 1910 U.S. census lists 28 Lipan Apache people.<ref name=swanton323/>

21st centuryEdit

Lipan Apache descendants are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes:

Several non-federally recognized tribes in Texas and Louisiana assert Lipan Apache heritage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="observer" /><ref name=":0" /> These include the following.

LouisianaEdit

  • Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb, also known as the Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb, in Zwolle, Louisiana<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Canneci Tinné Apache Tribe,<ref name=":2" /> in Carencro, Louisiana<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TexasEdit

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  • Cuelgahen Nde Lipan Apache of Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Three Rivers, Texas

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The State of Louisiana recognized the Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb by legislative action, House Concurrent Resolution 2, in 1978.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although Texas currently has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes";<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> state recognition can occur through various means, including state law, administrative actions, legislation, and gubernatorial proclamations or executive orders,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but most often through legislation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On March 18, 2009, Senate Resolution 438 and House Resolution 812, both titled "Recognizing the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas," were passed by their respective chambers during the 81st Texas Legislative Session. These jointly issued congratulatory resolutions expressed the sentiments of both chambers in acknowledging the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas as a historical tribe and commended the tribe's contributions to the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, State of Texas 86th Legislature, adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171, that affirmed the Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years". The resolutions also commended the Tribe for its valuable contributions to the state. The Senate, House, and the Governor signed each concurrent resolution.<ref>Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171)</ref>

Texas senate bills for formal state recognition of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas were introduced in 2021<ref name="sb274">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in 2022.<ref name="sb231">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both bills died in committee.<ref name="sb274" /><ref name="sb231" />

The Lipan Apache Band of Texas was honored by the Texas state legislator in 2011 through House Resolution 540.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In December 2024, the Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb and the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas were registered members of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) as state-recognized tribe tribes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NCAI requires annual registration with membership dues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also, member organizations are required to select a delegate who will represent their interests at NCAI's Annual Convention, Executive Council Winter Session, and Mid-Year Conference.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable Lipan Apache chiefsEdit

Below are historical chiefs with estimated times of when they were active.

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

  • Carlisle, JD. Dissertation. "Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande". The University of North Texas, May 2001
  • Dunn, William E. "Missionary activities among the eastern Apaches previous to the founding of the San Sabá missions." Texas State Historical Association Quarterly, 15.
  • Dunn, William E. "The Apache mission on the San Sabá River, its founding and its failure." Texas State Historical Association Quarterly, 16.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1936). "The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes." American Anthropologist, 38, 620-633.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1938). "The use of peyote by the Carrizo and the Lipan Apache." American Anthropologist, 40 (2).
  • Opler, Morris E. (1940). Myths and legends of the Lipan Apache. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society (Vol. 36). New York: American Folk-Lore Society, J. J. Augustin Publisher.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1945). "The Lipan Apache Death Complex and Its Extensions." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1: 122-141.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1959). "Component, assemblage, and theme in cultural integration and differentiation." American Anthropologist, 61 (6), 955-964.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1968). "Remuneration to supernaturals and man in Apachean ceremonialism." Ethnology, 7 (4), 356-393.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache." Anthropological Quarterly, 48 (3), 182-192.
  • Opler, Morris E. (2001). Lipan Apache. In Handbook of North American Indians: The Plains (pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

External linksEdit

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