List of English monarchs
Template:Short description Template:Redirect2 Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox former monarchy
This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, Offa of Mercia and Egbert of Wessex are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions were part of a process leading to a unified England. The historian Simon Keynes states, for example, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy."<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> That refers to a period in the late 8th century, when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but it did not survive his death in 796.Template:Sfn<ref name="Ref-1" >Template:Cite book</ref> Likewise, in 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered Mercia, but he soon lost control of it.
It was not until the late 9th century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was the overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons though he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the Danelaw and had been conquered by the Danes, from southern Scandinavia. Alfred's son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw. Edward's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927. Æthelstan is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England.Template:Sfn<ref name="Ref-1" /> The title "King of the English" or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in one of his charters in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was "King of the English". In 1016, Cnut the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period, "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. From John's reign onwards, all other titles were eschewed in favour of "King" or "Queen of England".
The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301, King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III,Template:Efn have borne this title.
After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, her cousin King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was created until 1707, when England and Scotland united during the reign of Queen Anne to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster. That marked the end of the Kingdom of England as a sovereign state.
House of Wessex (886–1013)Edit
Template:For {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
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|-
| Alfred<ref>Template:Cite book; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Alfred the Great
Template:Small
Template:Circa
–
26 October 899
(13 years)
| File:Alfred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
| 849
Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex
and Osburh
| Ealhswith of Gainsborough
868
5 children
| 26 October 899
Aged about 50
| Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex
|-
| Edward the Elder<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
26 October 899
–
17 July 924
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edward the Elder - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Alfred
and Ealhswith
| Template:Gray Ecgwynn
Template:Circa
2 children
Template:Gray Ælfflæd
Template:Circa
8 children
Template:Gray Eadgifu of Kent
Template:Circa
4 children
| 17 July 924
Aged about 50
| Son of Alfred
|}
Disputed claimantEdit
There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his half-brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says he died only 16 days after his father.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the claim that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.<ref name="Ref-1" />
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|-
| Ælfweard<ref name="Yorke">Template:Cite book cited by Yorke.; Template:PASE</ref>
Template:Circa
–
2 August 924<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:No image.svg
| Template:Circa<ref name="EdwardKing">Template:Cite book</ref>
Son of Edward the Elder
and Ælfflæd<ref name="EdwardKing" />
| Template:Em
No children
| 2 August 924<ref name="Ref-1" />
Aged about 23Template:Efn-lg
| Son of Edward the Elder
|}
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Æthelstan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
924
Template:Small
–
Template:Small27 October 939
(14–15 years)
| King Athelstan from All Souls College Chapel
| 894
Son of Edward the Elder
and Ecgwynn
| Unmarried
| 27 October 939
Aged about 45
| Son of Edward the Elder
|-
| Edmund I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Edmund the Magnificent
27 October 939
–
26 May 946
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edmund I - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent
| Template:Gray Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
2 sons
Template:Gray Æthelflæd of Damerham
944
No children
| 26 May 946
Pucklechurch
Killed in a brawl aged about 25
| Son of Edward the Elder
|-
| Eadred<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
26 May 946
–
23 November 955
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Eadred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent
| Unmarried
| 23 November 955
Frome
Aged about 32
| Son of Edward the Elder
|-
| Eadwig<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Eadwig All-Fair
23 November 955
–
1 October 959
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Line engraving of Edwy made by an unknown engraver after an unknown artist
Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
| Ælfgifu
No verified children
| 1 October 959
Aged about 19
| Son of Edmund I
|-
| Edgar the Peaceful<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
1 October 959
–
8 July 975
(Template:Age in years and days)
| King Edgar of England
| Template:Circa
Wessex
Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
| Template:Gray Æthelflæd
Template:Circa
1 son
Template:Gray Ælfthryth
Template:Circa
2 sons
| 8 July 975
Winchester
Aged 31
| Son of Edmund I
|-
| Edward the Martyr<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
8 July 975
–
18 March 978
(Template:Age in years and days)
| St. Edward the Martyr
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Æthelflæd
| Unmarried
| 18 March 978
Corfe Castle
Murdered aged about 16
| Son of Edgar the Peaceful
|-
| (1st reign)Template:Efn
Æthelred the UnreadyTemplate:R<ref name="royal.gov.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
18 March 978
–
1013
(34–35 years)
| Image of Æthelred with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon"
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth
| Template:Gray Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children
Template:Gray Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children
| 23 April 1016
London
Aged about 48
| Son of Edgar the Peaceful
|}
House of Denmark (1013–1014)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy. Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Sweyn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Sweyn Forkbeard
Autumn/winter 1013
–
3 February 1014
| Sweyn Forkbeard, from an architectural element in the Swansea Guildhall, Swansea, Wales
| 17 April 963
Denmark
Son of Harald Bluetooth
and either Tove or Gunhild
| Template:Gray Gunhild of Wenden
Template:Circa
7 children
Template:Gray Sigrid the Haughty
Template:Circa
1 daughter
| 3 February 1014
Gainsborough
Aged 50
| Right of conquest
Template:Small
|}
House of Wessex (restored, first time) (1014–1016)Edit
Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan,<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundIronside/> despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.
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|-
| (2nd reign)
Æthelred the UnreadyTemplate:RTemplate:R
early 1014
–
23 April 1016
| Image of Æthelred II with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon"
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth
| Template:Gray Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children
Template:Gray Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children
| 23 April 1016
London
Aged about 48
| Son of Edgar the Peaceful
|-
| Edmund Ironside<ref name="ArchontologyEdmundIronside">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
after 23 April 1016
–
30 November 1016
| Edmund Ironside
Son of Æthelred
and Ælfgifu of York
| Edith of East Anglia
2 children
| 30 November 1016
Glastonbury
Aged 26
| Son of Æthelred
|}
House of Denmark (restored) (1016–1042)Edit
Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years. Template:Nobility table header
| Cnut<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Cnut the Great
after 23 Apr 1016
–
12 November 1035
| File:Cnut the Great - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Sweyn Forkbeard
and Gunhilda of Poland
| Template:Gray Ælfgifu of Northampton
2 sons
Template:Gray Emma of Normandy
1017
2 children
| 12 November 1035
Shaftesbury
Aged about 40
| Son of Sweyn
|-
| Harold Harefoot<ref>Template:Cite ODNB; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>Template:R
after 12 November 1035
–
17 March 1040Template:Efn
| File:Harold Harefoot - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Cnut the Great
and Ælfgifu of Northampton
| Template:Em
| 17 March 1040
Oxford
Aged about 24
| Son of Cnut the Great
|-
| Harthacnut<ref>Template:Cite ODNB; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
after 17 March 1040
–
8 June 1042
| File:Harthacnut - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
| 1018
Son of Cnut the Great
and Emma of Normandy
| Unmarried
| 8 June 1042
Lambeth
Aged about 24
| Son of Cnut the Great
|}
House of Wessex (restored, second time) (1042–1066)Edit
After Harthacnut, there was a Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066. Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Edward the Confessor<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
8 June 1042
–
5 January 1066
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edward the Confessor - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Æthelred
and Emma of Normandy
| Edith of Wessex
23 January 1045
No children
| 5 January 1066
Westminster Palace
Aged about 63
| Son of Æthelred
Step-son of Cnut the Great
Half-brother of Harthacnut
|}
House of Godwin (1066)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Harold II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Harold Godwinson
6 January 1066
–
14 October 1066
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Harold Godwinson - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
Son of Godwin of Wessex
and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
| Template:Gray Edith Swannesha
5 children
Template:Gray Ealdgyth
Template:Circa
2 sons
| 14 October 1066
Hastings
Died in the Battle of Hastings aged 44
| Named heir by Edward the Confessor
Brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor
Elected by the Witenagemot
|}
Disputed claimant (House of Wessex)Edit
After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror. Template:Nobility table header
|-
| (Title disputed)
Edgar ÆthelingTemplate:R<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
15 October 1066
–
17 December 1066Template:Efn
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edgar the Ætheling.jpg
Son of Edward the Exile
and Agatha
| No known marriage
| 1125 or 1126
Aged about 75
| Grandson of Edmund Ironside
Elected by the Witenagemot
|}
House of Normandy (1066–1135)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson (recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor), Harald Hardrada (King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and Duke William II of Normandy (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald Hardrada and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Harald Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.
After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.
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|-
| William I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
William the ConquerorTemplate:Efn
25 December 1066
–
9 September 1087
(Template:Age in years and days)
| William the Conqueror depicted at the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England, by Matthew Paris.
| Template:Circa
Falaise Castle
Son of Robert the Magnificent
and Herleva
| Matilda of Flanders
Normandy
1053
9 children
| 9 September 1087
Rouen
Aged about 59Template:Efn-lg
| Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the Confessor
First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor
|-
| William II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
William Rufus
26 September 1087Template:Efn-lr
–
2 August 1100
(Template:Age in years and days)
| William Rufus depicted in the Stowe Manuscript
Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders
| Unmarried
| 2 August 1100
New Forest
Shot with an arrow aged 44
| Son of William I
Granted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose (who remained the Duke of Normandy)
|-
| Henry I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Henry Beauclerc
5 August 1100Template:Efn-lr
–
1 December 1135
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry I
| September 1068
Selby
Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders
| Template:Gray Matilda of Scotland
Westminster Abbey
11 November 1100
2 children
Template:Gray Adeliza of Louvain
Windsor Castle
29 January 1121
No children
| 1 December 1135
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons
Aged 67Template:Efn-lg
| Son of William I
Seizure of the Crown (from Robert Curthose)
|}
House of Blois (1135–1154)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster of 1120. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, Matilda (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as well as widow of her first husband, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen travelled to England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.
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|-
| StephenTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Stephen and Matilda">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Stephen of Blois
22 December 1135Template:Efn-lr
–
25 October 1154
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Stephen
Son of Stephen II of Blois
and Adela of Normandy
| Matilda of Boulogne
Westminster
1125
6 children
| 25 October 1154
Dover Castle
Aged about 58
| Grandson of William I
AppointmentTemplate:\usurpation
|}
Disputed claimantsEdit
Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141. She was the first woman to do so, but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.Template:Efn
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| MatildaTemplate:R<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Empress Matilda
7 April 1141
–
1 November 1141
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Matilda
| 7 February 1102
Sutton Courtenay Manor House
Daughter of Henry I
and Edith of Scotland
| Template:Gray Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire
Mainz
6 January 1114
No children
Template:Gray Geoffrey V of Anjou
Le Mans Cathedral
22 May 1128
3 sons
| 10 September 1167
Rouen
Aged 65
| Daughter of Henry I
|}
Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
House of Plantagenet (1154–1485)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.
Angevin kings of EnglandEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, in which Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.
The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by King John. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while cadet branches of this line became known as the House of Lancaster and the House of York during the Wars of the Roses.
The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France.<ref name=Pine-53/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III.<ref name="Pine-53">Template:Cite book</ref>
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|-
| Henry II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Henry Curtmantle
19 December 1154Template:Efn-lr
–
6 July 1189
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry II
| Royal Arms of England (1154–1189)
.svg){kind=link}
| 5 March 1133
Le Mans
Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou
and Matilda
| Eleanor of Aquitaine
Bordeaux Cathedral
18 May 1152
8 children
| 6 July 1189
Chinon
Aged 56Template:Efn-lg
| Grandson of Henry I
Great-great-great-grandson of Edmund Ironside
|-, | colspan=99 | Henry II named his son, Henry the Young King (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him but this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.
|-
| Richard I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Richard the Lionheart
3 September 1189Template:Efn-lr
–
6 April 1199
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th-century codex
| rowspan=2 | File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
| Berengaria of Navarre
Limassol
12 May 1191
No children
| 6 April 1199
Châlus
Shot by a quarrel aged 41Template:Efn-lg
| Son of Henry II
|-
| John<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
John Lackland
27 May 1199Template:Efn-lr
–
19 October 1216
(Template:Age in years and days)
| King John
.jpg){kind=link}
| 24 December 1166
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
| Template:Gray Isabel of Gloucester
Marlborough Castle
29 August 1189
No children
Template:Gray Isabella of Angoulême
Bordeaux Cathedral
24 August 1200
5 children
| 19 October 1216
Newark-on-Trent
Aged 49Template:Efn-lg
| Son of Henry II
Nomination
|}
Disputed claimant (House of Capet)Edit
The future Louis VIII of France briefly won two-thirds of England over to his side from May 1216 to September 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. The then-Prince Louis landed on the Isle of Thanet, off the north Kent coast, on 21 May 1216, and marched more or less unopposed to London, where the streets were lined with cheering crowds. At a grand ceremony in St. Paul's Cathedral, on 2 June 1216, in the presence of numerous English clergy and nobles, the Mayor of London and Alexander II of Scotland, Prince Louis was proclaimed King Louis of England (though not crowned). In less than a month, "King Louis" controlled more than half of the country and enjoyed the support of two-thirds of the barons. However, he suffered military defeat at the hands of the English fleet. By signing the Treaty of Lambeth in September 1217, Louis gained 10,000 marks and agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "King Louis" remains one of the least known kings to have ruled over a substantial part of England.<ref>"The Only Two Louis in British History". TheCrownChronicles.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref>
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|-
| Louis<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Louis the Lion
2 June 1216
–
20 September 1217
(1 year, 111 days)
| File:Louis8.png
| File:Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 5 September 1187
Paris
Son of Philip II of France
and Isabella of Hainault
| Blanche of Castile
Port-Mort
23 May 1200
13 children
| 8 November 1226
Montpensier
Aged 39
| Offered by the Barons
Maternal grandson-in-law of Henry II
|}
Main line of PlantagenetsEdit
It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Henry III<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Henry of Winchester
28 October 1216Template:Efn-lr
–
16 November 1272
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry III
| rowspan=3 | File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
| 1 October 1207
Winchester Castle
Son of John
and Isabella of Angoulême
| Eleanor of Provence
Canterbury Cathedral
14 January 1236
5 children
| 16 November 1272
Westminster Palace
Aged 65
| Son of John
Primogeniture
|-
| Edward I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Edward Longshanks
20 November 1272Template:Efn-lr
–
7 July 1307
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Edward I of England
| 17 June 1239
Palace of Westminster
Son of Henry III
and Eleanor of Provence
| Template:Gray Eleanor of Castile
Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
18 October 1254
16 children
Template:Gray Margaret of France
Canterbury Cathedral
10 September 1299
3 children
| 7 July 1307
Burgh by Sands
Aged 68
| Son of Henry III
Primogeniture
|-
| Edward II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Edward of Caernarfon
8 July 1307Template:Efn-lr
–
Abdicated 20 January 1327
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edward II, King of England (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C 292, folio 105r).jpg
.jpg){kind=link}
| 25 April 1284
Caernarfon Castle
Son of Edward I
and Eleanor of Castile
| Isabella of France
Boulogne Cathedral
24 January 1308
4 children
| 21 September 1327
Berkeley Castle
Murdered aged 43Template:Efn
| Son of Edward I
Primogeniture
|-
| Edward III<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Edward of Windsor
25 January 1327Template:Efn-lr
–
21 June 1377
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg
.jpg){kind=link}
| File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
Template:Small
File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg
Template:Small
| 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
.svg){kind=link}
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
| 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64
| Son of Edward II
Primogeniture
|-
| Richard II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Richard of Bordeaux
22 June 1377Template:Efn-lr
–
29 September 1399
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:The Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England (1390s).jpg
| File:Royal Arms of England (1395-1399).svg
.jpg){kind=link}
.svg){kind=link}
| 6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux
Son of Edward the Black Prince
and Joan of Kent
| Template:Gray Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children
Template:Gray Isabella of Valois
Church of St. Nicholas, Calais
4 November 1396
No children
| 14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33
| Grandson of Edward III
Primogeniture
|}
House of LancasterEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Henry IV<ref>Template:Cite journal; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Henry of Bolingbroke
30 September 1399Template:Efn-lr
–
20 March 1413
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry IV
.jpg){kind=link}
| File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg
Template:Small
File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
Template:Small
| Template:Circa April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle
.svg){kind=link}
Son of John of Gaunt
and Blanche of Lancaster
| Template:Gray Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
27 July 1380
6 children
Template:Gray Joanna of Navarre
Winchester Cathedral
7 February 1403
No children
| 20 March 1413
Westminster Abbey
Aged 45
| GrandsonTemplate:\heir male of Edward III
|-
| Henry V<ref>Template:Cite ODNB; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Henry of Monmouth
21 March 1413Template:Efn-lr
–
31 August 1422
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry V
| File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
| 16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle
Son of Henry IV
and Mary de Bohun
| Catherine of Valois
Troyes Cathedral
2 June 1420
1 son
| 31 August 1422
Château de Vincennes
Aged 35
| Son of Henry IV
|-
| (1st reign)
Henry VI<ref name="Henry VI">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn
1 September 1422Template:Efn-lr
–
4 March 1461
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry VI
| File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle
Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois
| Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son
| 21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49
| Son of Henry V
Agnatic primogeniture
|}
House of YorkEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York. Template:Nobility table header
|-
| (1st reign)
Edward IV<ref name="Edward IV">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
4 March 1461Template:Efn-lr
–
3 October 1470
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Edward IV
| File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
| 28 April 1442
Rouen Castle
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
| Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children
| 9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40
| Great-great-grandsonTemplate:\heir general of Edward III
|}
House of Lancaster (restored)Edit
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| (2nd reign)
Henry VITemplate:R
3 October 1470
–
11 April 1471
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry VI
| File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg
| 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle
Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois
| Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son
| 21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49
| Son of Henry V
|}
House of York (restored)Edit
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| (2nd reign)
Edward IVTemplate:R
11 April 1471
–
9 April 1483
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Edward IV
| rowspan=3 | File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
| 28 April 1442
Rouen Castle
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
| Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children
| 9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40
| Great-great-grandsonTemplate:\heir general of Edward III
|-
| Edward VTemplate:R<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
9 April 1483
–
25 June 1483Template:Efn
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Edward V
| 2 November 1470
Cheyneygates, Westminster Abbey
Son of Edward IV
and Elizabeth Woodville
| Unmarried
| Disappeared mid-1483
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 12
| Son of Edward IV
Primogeniture
|-
| Richard III<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
26 June 1483Template:Efn-lr
–
22 August 1485
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Richard III
| 2 October 1452
Fotheringhay Castle
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
| Anne Neville
Westminster Abbey
12 July 1472
1 son
| 22 August 1485
Bosworth Field
Killed in battle aged 32Template:Efn-lg
| Great-great-grandson of Edward III
|}
House of Tudor (1485–1603)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year.<ref name="Jones">Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19–20.</ref> Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.<ref>Chris Skidmore, The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History, (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22.</ref> A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.<ref>Template:Cite DNBSupp</ref> Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.
John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.
By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.)
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Henry VII<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
22 August 1485Template:Efn-lr
–
21 April 1509
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505
| rowspan=3 | File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
| 28 January 1457
Pembroke Castle
Son of Edmund Tudor
and Margaret Beaufort
| Elizabeth of York
Westminster Abbey
18 January 1486
8 children
| 21 April 1509
Richmond Palace
Aged 52
| Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
Marriage to Elizabeth of York
|-
| Henry VIII<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
22 April 1509Template:Efn-lr
–
28 January 1547
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, Template:Circa
| 28 June 1491
Greenwich Palace
Son of Henry VII
and Elizabeth of York
| Template:Gray Catherine of Aragon
Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich
11 June 1509
1 daughter
Template:Gray Anne Boleyn
Westminster Palace
25 January 1533Template:Efn
1 daughter
Template:Gray Jane Seymour
Whitehall Palace
30 May 1536
1 son
3 further marriages
No more children
| 28 January 1547
Whitehall Palace
Aged 55
| Son of Henry VII
|-
| Edward VI<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
28 January 1547Template:Efn-lr
–
6 July 1553
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Edward VI, by Hans Eworth
| 12 October 1537
Hampton Court Palace
Son of Henry VIII
and Jane Seymour
| Unmarried
| 6 July 1553
Greenwich Palace
Aged 15
| Son of Henry VIII
Primogeniture
|}
Disputed claimantEdit
Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was later executed for treason.
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Jane<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Lady Jane Grey
10 July 1553
–
19 July 1553
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Streathamladyjayne.jpg
| File:Arms of Grey Family.svg
| 1536 or 1537
Bradgate Park
Daughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk
and Frances Brandon
| Guildford Dudley
Durham House
21 May 1553
No children
| 12 February 1554
Tower Green
Executed aged about 17
| Great-granddaughter of Henry VII
|}
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Mary I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
19 July 1553Template:Efn-lr
–
17 November 1558
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554
| rowspan=2 | File:Royal Arms of England (1554-1558).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 18 February 1516
Greenwich Palace
Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon
| Philip II of Spain
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
| 17 November 1558
St James's Palace
Aged 42
| Daughter of Henry VIII
|-
| (Jure uxoris)
Philip<ref name=Montrose/>
25 July 1554Template:Efn
–
17 November 1558
(Template:Age in years and days)
| King Philip of England
,_by_Antonis_Mor_(Bilbao_Fine_Arts_Museum).jpg){kind=link}
| 21 May 1527
Palacio de Pimentel
Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
and Isabella of Portugal
| Mary I of England
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
3 other marriages
7 children
| 13 September 1598
El Escorial
Aged 71
| Husband of Mary I
Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain
|- | colspan=99 align=left |
Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (later Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.<ref name="Montrose">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn
|-
| Elizabeth I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
17 November 1558Template:Efn-lr
–
24 March 1603
(Template:Age in years and days)
Template:See also
| Elizabeth I, by Darnley
| File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
| 7 September 1533
Greenwich Palace
Daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn
| Unmarried
| 24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
Aged 69
| Daughter of Henry VIII
|}
House of Stuart (1603–1649)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Elizabeth's cousin, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.<ref>Template:Cite wikisource</ref>
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| James I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
24 March 1603Template:Efn-lr
–
27 March 1625
(Template:Age in years and days)
| James I, by Paulus van Somer
| rowspan=2 | File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 19 June 1566
Edinburgh Castle
Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
| Anne of Denmark
Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo
23 November 1589
7 children
| 27 March 1625
Theobalds House
Aged 58
| Great-great-grandsonTemplate:\heir general of Henry VII
|-
| Charles I<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
27 March 1625Template:Efn-lr
–
30 January 1649
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Charles I, by Anthony van Dyck
| 19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace
Son of James I
and Anne of Denmark
| Henrietta Maria of France
St Augustine's Abbey
13 June 1625
9 children
| 30 January 1649
Whitehall Palace
Executed aged 48
| Son of James I
|}
First Interregnum (1649–1660)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} No monarch reigned after the 1649 execution of Charles I. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England.
After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered The Protectorate period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.
It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Oliver Cromwell
16 December 1653
–
3 September 1658<ref name="BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Oliver Cromwell
| rowspan=2 | File:Arms of the Protectorate (1653–1659).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 25 April 1599
Huntingdon<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/>
Son of Robert Cromwell
and Elizabeth Steward<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
| Elizabeth Bourchier
St Giles<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
22 August 1620
9 children<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/>
| 3 September 1658
Whitehall
Aged 59<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/>
|-
| Richard Cromwell
3 September 1658
–
7 May 1659<ref name="BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
(Template:Age in years and days)
| Richard Cromwell, Template:Circa
,_by_Gerard_Soest.jpg){kind=link}
| 4 October 1626
Huntingdon
Son of Oliver Cromwell
and Elizabeth Bourchier<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell/>
| Dorothy Maijor
May 1649
9 children<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell/>
| 12 July 1712
Cheshunt
Aged 85<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|}
Richard Cromwell was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state. After almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne.
House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Monarchy was restored under the rule of Charles II.
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Charles II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
29 May 1660Template:Efn-lr
–
6 February 1685
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg
| rowspan=2 | File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg
| 29 May 1630
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
| Catherine of Braganza
Royal Garrison Church
21 May 1662
No children
| 6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
Aged 54
| Son of Charles I
English Restoration
|-
| James II<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
6 February 1685Template:Efn-lr
–
23 December 1688
(Overthrown after Template:Age in years and days)
| File:James II by Peter Lely.jpg
| 14 October 1633
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
| Template:Gray Anne Hyde
Worchester House, The Strand
3 September 1660
8 children
Template:Gray Mary of Modena
Dover Castle
21 November 1673
7 children
| 16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aged 67
| Son of Charles I
Cognatic primogeniture
|}
Second Interregnum 1688–1689Edit
James II was ousted by Parliament less than four years after ascending to the throne, beginning the century's second interregnum. To settle the question of who should replace the deposed monarch, a Convention Parliament elected James' daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III co-regents, in the Glorious Revolution.
Houses of Stuart and OrangeEdit
Template:Nobility table header
|-
| Mary II<ref name="William and Mary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
13 February 1689Template:Efn-lr
–
28 December 1694
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:Mary II - Kneller 1690.jpg
| File:Royal Arms of England (1689-1694).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 30 April 1662
St James's Palace
Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
| William III of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children
| 28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
Aged 32
| Daughter of James II
Offered the Crown by Parliament
|-
| William IIITemplate:R<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
William of Orange
13 February 1689Template:Efn-lr
–
8 March 1702
(Template:Age in years and days)
| File:King William III of England.jpg
| File:Royal Arms of England (1694-1702).svg
.svg){kind=link}
| 4 November 1650
The Binnenhof
Son of William II of Orange
and Mary, Princess Royal of England
| Mary II of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children
| 8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51
| Grandson of Charles I
Offered the Crown by Parliament
|-
| Anne<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
8 March 1702Template:Efn-lr
–
1 May 1707
(Template:Age in years and days)
Template:Small
Template:Small
| File:Closterman, John - Queen Anne - NPG 215.jpg
| File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg
| 6 February 1665
St James's Palace
Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
| George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
3 children
| 1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49
| Daughter of James II
Cognatic primogeniture
|}
While James and his descendants continued to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James II's son and grandson, James Francis Edward and Charles respectively) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters.
With the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain; see List of British monarchs.
Acts of UnionEdit
The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I.
TimelineEdit
| Timeline of English monarchs |
|---|
| <timeline>
AlignBars = justify DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:886 till:1720 ImageSize = width:1250 height:auto barincrement:12 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:25 left:5 bottom:75 top:5 Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1 Colors = id:canvas value:white id:we value:oceanblue legend:House_of_Wessex id:de value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.2) legend:House_of_Knýtlinga id:no value:red legend:House_of_Normandy id:bl value:skyblue legend:House_of_Blois id:pl value:rgb(0.95,0.18,0.18) legend:House_of_Plantagenet id:ca value:rgb(0,0,0.5) legend:House_of_Capet id:la value:rgb(0.95,0.36,0.36) legend:House_of_Lancaster id:yo value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) legend:House_of_York id:tu value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Tudor id:ha value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.1) legend:House_of_Habsburg id:gr value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Grey id:st value:green legend:House_of_Stuart id:cw value:rgb(0.85,0.85,0.85) legend:Commonwealth id:or value:orange legend:House_of_Orange-Nassau id:eon value:black id:darktext value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) id:lighttext value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darktext unit:year increment:100 start:900 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lighttext unit:year increment:25 start:925 BarData = bar:Alfred bar:EdElder bar:Elfweard bar:Ethelstan bar:Edmund bar:Edred bar:Edwig bar:Edgar bar:EdMartyr bar:Ethelred bar:Sweyn bar:EdmundIronside bar:Cnut bar:HaroldHarefoot bar:Harthacnut bar:EdwardConfessor bar:HaroldGodwinson bar:EdgarAetheling bar:WillI bar:WillII bar:HenryI bar:Stephen bar:Matilda bar:Eustace bar:HenryII bar:HenryYoungKing bar:RichI bar:John bar:Louis bar:HenryIII bar:EdI bar:EdII bar:EdIII bar:RichII bar:HenryIV bar:HenryV bar:HenryVI bar:EdIV bar:EdV bar:RichIII bar:HenryVII bar:HenryVIII bar:EdVI bar:Jane bar:MaryI bar:Phil bar:LizI bar:JamesVI bar:CharlesI bar:Ollie bar:RichCromwell bar:CharlesII bar:JamesVII bar:MaryII bar:WillIII bar:Anne bar:Space bar:eon PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 width:25 shift:(0,-5) width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:Alfred from:886 till: 899 color:we text:"Alfred the Great" bar:EdElder from:899 till: 924 color:we text:"Edward the Elder" bar:Elfweard from:924 till: 924 color:we text:"Ælfweard of Wessex (disputed)" bar:Ethelstan from:924 till: 939 color:we text:"Æthelstan" bar:Edmund from:939 till: 946 color:we text:"Edmund I" bar:Edred from:946 till: 955 color:we text:"Eadred" bar:Edwig from:955 till: 959 color:we text:"Eadwig" bar:Edgar from:959 till: 975 color:we text:"Edgar" bar:EdMartyr from:975 till: 978 color:we text:"Edward the Martyr" bar:Ethelred from:978 till: 1013 color:we from:1014 till: 1016 color:we text:"Æthelred the Unready" bar:Sweyn from:1013 till: 1014 color:de text:"Sweyn Forkbeard" bar:EdmundIronside from:1016 till: 1016 color:we text:"Edmund Ironside" bar:Cnut from:1016 till: 1035 color:de text:"Cnut the Great" bar:HaroldHarefoot from:1035 till: 1040 color:de text:"Harold Harefoot" bar:Harthacnut from:1040 till: 1042 color:de text:"Harthacnut" bar:EdwardConfessor from:1042 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edward the Confessor" bar:HaroldGodwinson from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Harold Godwinson" bar:EdgarAetheling from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edgar Ætheling (disputed)" bar:WillI from:1066 till: 1087 color:no text:"William I" bar:WillII from:1087 till: 1100 color:no text:"William II" bar:HenryI from:1100 till: 1135 color:no text:"Henry I" bar:Stephen from:1135 till: 1154 color:bl text:"Stephen" bar:Matilda from:1141 till: 1141 color:no text:"Matilda (disputed)" bar:Eustace from:1152 till: 1153 color:bl text:"Eustace (junior king, disputed)" bar:HenryII from:1154 till: 1189 color:pl text:"Henry II" bar:HenryYoungKing from:1170 till: 1183 color:pl text:"Henry the Young King (junior king)" bar:RichI from:1189 till: 1199 color:pl text:"Richard I" bar:John from:1199 till: 1216 color:pl text:"John" bar:Louis from:1216 till: 1217 color:ca text:"Louis (disputed)" bar:HenryIII from:1216 till: 1272 color:pl text:"Henry III" bar:EdI from:1272 till: 1307 color:pl text:"Edward I" bar:EdII from:1307 till: 1327 color:pl text:"Edward II" bar:EdIII from:1327 till: 1377 color:pl text:"Edward III" bar:RichII from:1377 till: 1399 color:pl text:"Richard II" bar:HenryIV from:1399 till: 1413 color:la text:"Henry IV" bar:HenryV from:1413 till: 1422 color:la text:"Henry V" bar:HenryVI from:1422 till: 1461 color:la from:1470 till: 1471 color:la text:"Henry VI" bar:EdIV from:1461 till: 1470 color:yo from:1471 till: 1483 color:yo mark:(line, white) text:"Edward IV" bar:EdV from:1483 till: 1483 color:yo text:"Edward V" bar:RichIII from:1483 till: 1485 color:yo text:"Richard III" bar:HenryVII from:1485 till: 1509 color:tu text:"Henry VII" bar:HenryVIII from:1509 till: 1547 color:tu text:"Henry VIII" bar:EdVI from:1547 till: 1553 color:tu text:"Edward VI" bar:Jane from:1553 till: 1553 color:gr text:"Jane Grey (disputed)" bar:MaryI from:1553 till: 1558 color:tu text:"Mary I" bar:Phil from:1554 till: 1558 color:ha text:"Philip" bar:LizI from:1558 till: 1603 color:tu text:"Elizabeth I" bar:JamesVI from:1603 till: 1625 color:st text:"James I" bar:CharlesI from:1625 till: 1649 color:st text:"Charles I" bar:Ollie from:1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:"Oliver Cromwell" bar:RichCromwell from:1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:"Richard Cromwell" bar:CharlesII from:1660 till: 1685 color:st text:"Charles II" bar:JamesVII from:1685 till: 1689 color:st text:"James II" bar:MaryII from:1689 till: 1694 color:st text:"Mary II" bar:WillIII from:1689 till: 1702 color:or text:"William III" bar:Anne from:1702 till: 1707 color:st text:"Anne" </timeline> |
TitlesEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:
- Æthelstan: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of All Britain")
- Edmund the Magnificent: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of Britain") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
- Eadred: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
- Eadwig the Fair: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians, governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
- Edgar the Peaceful: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms")
- Cnut the Great: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler") and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Monarch of all the English of Britain")
In the Norman period {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} remained standard, with occasional use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Lady of the English").
From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was Queen of Great Britain rather than king).Template:Efn
See alsoEdit
- Alternative successions of the English and British crown
- Bretwalda
- Demise of the Crown
- Heptarchy
- History of the English monarchy
- Succession to the British throne, a historical overview and current rules
- Template:Sectionlink, a list of people
- List of English royal consorts
- Family tree of English monarchs
- Family tree of British monarchs
- List of office holders of the United Kingdom and predecessor states
- Mnemonic verses of monarchs in England
- List of legendary kings of Britain
Explanatory notesEdit
CoronationsEdit
BurialsEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
Works citedEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs Template:Kingdom of England