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List of diets

Article Discussion

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An individual's diet is the sum of food and drink that one habitually consumes. Dieting is the practice of attempting to achieve or maintain a certain weight through diet.<ref>"Definition for diet". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> People's dietary choices are often affected by a variety of factors, including ethical and religious beliefs, clinical need, or a desire to control weight.

Not all diets are considered healthy. Some people follow unhealthy diets through habit, rather than through a conscious choice to eat unhealthily. Terms applied to such eating habits include "junk food diet" and "Western diet". Many diets are considered by clinicians to pose significant health risks and minimal long-term benefit. This is particularly true of "crash" or "fad" diets – short-term, weight-loss plans that involve drastic changes to a person's normal eating habits.

Only diets covered on Wikipedia are listed under alphabetically sorted headings.

Belief-based dietsEdit

Some people's dietary choices are influenced by their religious, spiritual or philosophical beliefs.

  • Buddhist diet: While Buddhism does not have specific dietary rules, some Buddhists practice vegetarianism based on Mahayana Buddhism's strict interpretation of the first of the Five Precepts.<ref>Weintraub, Eileen. Template:Usurped. Society of Ethical and Religious Vegetarians. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>
  • Hindu diet: It is popular for followers of Hinduism to follow lacto vegetarian diets (though most do not), based on the principle of ahimsa (non-harming).<ref name=hindudiet/> Consuming beef/cattle is forbidden or at least taboo among followers due to cow veneration. Most Hindus in India do intentionally limit their meat consumption one way or another.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Jain diet: Due to how the Jain faith interprets ahisma, vegetarianism is considered mandatory for followers; a lacto-vegetarian diet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or vegan diet<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in particular is considered appropriate for Jains. Most Jains also abstain from consuming root vegetables in order to prevent harming insects, worms and microorganisms when they are uprooted. Most also partake in some form of fasting.<ref name=":0" /> Some variants of Jainism further discourage or forbid the consumption of honey, fungi, alcoholic beverages and fermented foods.
  • Islamic diet: Muslims follow a diet consisting solely of food that is halal – permissible in Islam. The opposite of halal is haraam, food that is Islamically impermissible. Haraam substances include carnivores, pork and other non-ruminant animals, and any meat from an animal which was not killed through the Islamic method of ritual slaughter (Dhabihah).<ref>"What do Halal, Dhabiha Halal and Haram Mean?" Template:Webarchive. halalcertified.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> If an otherwise Halal animal was subject to torture by humans, its meat can still be considered non-permissible for Muslims.
  • I-tal: A set of principles which influences the diet of many members of the Rastafari movement. One principle is that natural foods should be consumed. Emphasis is put on consuming produce that is fresh, organic and ideally grown at home or locally. Another principle involves avoiding "unclean" types of food; the definition which is influenced by Biblical teachings. In order to preserve "life energy" Rastafarians encourage teetotalism, and many Rastafarians interpret I-tal to advocate vegetarianism or veganism as well.<ref>"Rastafarianism" Template:Webarchive. University of Dundee. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> Many followers do view seafood as an acceptable addition to an I-tal diet but they restrict which kinds they permit; fish over a foot long are typically avoided and all shellfish are eschewed as they are not kosher animals—unlike finned-fish with scales.
  • Kosher diet: Food permissible under kashrut, the set of Jewish dietary laws, is said to be kosher. Some foods and food combinations are non-kosher, and failure to prepare food in accordance with kashrut can make otherwise permissible foods non-Kosher.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Seventh-day Adventist diet: Combines the kosher food rules of Judaism with prohibitions against alcoholic beverages and (sometimes) caffeinated beverages. There is emphasis on consuming whole foods. Meat-consumption is heavily discouraged but not necessarily disallowed; about half of Adventists are lacto-ovo-vegetarians.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Calorie and weight control dietsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A desire to lose weight is a common motivation to change dietary habits, as is a desire to maintain an existing weight. Many weight loss diets are considered by some to entail varying degrees of health risk, and some are not widely considered to be effective. This is especially true of "crash" or "fad" diets.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many of the diets listed below could fall into more than one subcategory. Where this is the case, it is noted in that diet's entry.

Low-calorie dietsEdit

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  • Cookie diet: A calorie control diet in which low-fat cookies are eaten to quell hunger, often in place of a meal.<ref>Schmall, Emily (17 November 2008). "Bite fight" Template:Webarchive. Forbes. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>
  • The Hacker's Diet: A calorie-control diet from The Hacker's Diet by John Walker. The book suggests that the key to reaching and maintaining the desired weight is understanding and carefully monitoring calories consumed and used.
  • Nutrisystem diet: The dietary element of the weight-loss plan from Nutrisystem, Inc. Nutrisystem distributes low-calorie meals, with specific ratios of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> foods are assigned point values; dieters can eat any food with a point value provided they stay within their daily point limit.<ref>Devlin, Kate (2 September 2008). "Atkins diet and Weight Watchers 'the best ways to lose weight'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 15 February 2012.</ref>

Very low calorie dietsEdit

A very low calorie diet is consuming fewer than 800 calories per day. Such diets are normally followed under the supervision of a doctor.<ref>"Very low calorie diet for rapid weight loss" Template:Webarchive. Calorie Counter. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> Zero-calorie diets are also included.

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  • Tongue Patch Diet: Stitching a Marlex patch to the tongue to make eating painful. Daily calories are then limited to 800 per day maximum in liquid form.

Low-carbohydrate dietsEdit

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  • Dukan Diet: A multi-step diet based on high protein and limited carbohydrate consumption. It starts with two steps intended to facilitate short term weight loss, followed by two steps intended to consolidate these losses and return to a more balanced long-term diet.<ref>Samuel, Henry (1 June 2011). "The four stages of the Dukan diet". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</ref>
  • Kimkins: A heavily promoted diet for weight loss, found to be fraudulent.
  • South Beach Diet: Diet developed by the Miami-based cardiologist Arthur Agatston in 2003,<ref name=":1" /> who says that the key to losing weight quickly and getting healthy is not cutting all carbohydrates and fats from the diet, but choosing the right carbs and the right fats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Stillman diet: A carbohydrate-restricted diet that predates the Atkins diet, allowing consumption of specific food ingredients.

Low-fat dietsEdit

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  • McDougall's starch diet is a high calorie, high fiber, low fat diet that is based on starches such as potatoes, rice, and beans which excludes all animal foods and added vegetable oils. John A. McDougall draws on historical observation of how many civilizations around the world throughout time have thrived on starch foods.

Crash dietsEdit

Crash diets are very-low-calorie diets used for the purpose of very fast weight loss.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They describe diet plans that involve making extreme, rapid changes to food consumption, but are also used as disparaging terms for common eating habits which are considered unhealthy. This diet is dangerous and can lead to sudden death when not done in a medically supervised setting.<ref name="Isner1979">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Sours1981">Template:Cite journal</ref> Several diets listed here are weight-loss diets which would also fit into other sections of this list. Where this is the case, it will be noted in that diet's entry.

  • Beverly Hills Diet: An extreme diet from 1981 which has only fruits in the first days, gradually increasing the selection of foods up to the sixth week.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Detox dietsEdit

Detox diets involve either not consuming or attempting to flush out substances that are considered unhelpful or harmful. Examples include restricting food consumption to foods without colorings or preservatives, taking supplements, or drinking large amounts of water. The latter practice in particular has drawn criticism, as drinking significantly more water than recommended levels can cause hyponatremia.<ref>"Woman left brain damaged by detox" Template:Webarchive. BBC News. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> There is no scientific evidence of any benefit from detox diets, and so they are considered to be pseudoscientific.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Diets followed for medical reasonsEdit

People's dietary choices are sometimes affected by intolerance or allergy to certain types of food. There are also dietary patterns that might be recommended, prescribed or administered by medical professionals for people with specific medical needs.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This diet is not the dialysis diet,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is completely different. The healthy kidney diet restricts large amounts of protein, which are hard for the kidney to break down, but especially limits potassium and phosphorus-rich foods and beverages. Liquid intake is often limited as well.<ref name="Nutrition" /><ref name="American Kidney Fund 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Fad dietsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A fad diet is a diet that is popular for a time, similar to fads in fashion, without being a standard dietary recommendation, and often promising unreasonably fast weight loss or nonsensical health improvements.<ref name="Hart2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hanky2017">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bda">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Oxford2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Zoumbaris2014">Template:Cite book</ref> There is no single definition of what a fad diet is, encompassing a variety of diets with different approaches and evidence bases, and thus different outcomes, advantages and disadvantages,<ref name="Hanky2017" /> and it is ever-changing.<ref name=Hart2018/><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Generally, fad diets promise short-term changes with little effort, and thus may lack educating consumers about whole-diet, whole lifestyle changes necessary for sustainable health benefits.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="Williams2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shick1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> Fad diets are often promoted with exaggerated claims, such as rapid weight loss of more than 1 kg/week or improving health by "detoxification", or even dangerous claims.<ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="bda" /><ref name="phn">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="katz">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Since the "fad" qualification varies over time, social, cultural and subjective view, this list cannot be exhaustive,<ref name=Hart2018/> and fad diets may continue or stop being fads, such as the Mediterranean diet.<ref name="BrownIsaacs2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Some of them have therapeutic indications, such as epilepsy or obesity,<ref name="EatrightKeto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="USGuidelines2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> and there is no one-size-fits-all diet that would be a panacea for everyone to lose weight or look better.<ref name=Hart2018/><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Dieticians are a regulated profession that can distinguish nutritionally sound diets from unhealthy ones.<ref name=bda/>

Food-specific dietsEdit

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  • Baby food diet<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Banana and skim milk diet, a 1934 fad in the US, supported by a banana importer.<ref name=":1" />
  • Cabbage soup diet, a recurring fad diet that dates back to the 1950s<ref name="NHS2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="globe">Crosariol, Beppi. 9 January 2014,The Globe and Mail, "Feeling frugal after the holidays? Try these 11 affordable wines Template:Webarchive". Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref><ref name=":1" />

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  • Grapefruit diet<ref name="globe" /><ref name="KYfad">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Lamb chop and pineapple diet<ref>Addison, Heather. (2000). Hollywood, Consumer Culture, and the Rise of "Body Shaping". In David Desser, Garth Jowett. Hollywood Goes Shopping. University of Minnesota Press. p. 22. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Macrobiotics, a fad diet in the 1960s<ref name="famdoc" /><ref name=":1" />
  • Morning banana diet<ref>Toyama, Michiko. Time, 17 October 2008, "Japan Goes Bananas for a New Diet" Accessed 1 July 2011.</ref>
  • Mucusless Diet<ref>Butler, Kurt; Rayner, Lynn. (1985). The Best Medicine: The Complete Health and Preventive Medicine Handbook. Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco. pp. 133–135. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Howard, Rosanne Beatrice; Herbold, Nancie Harvey. (1978). Nutrition in Clinical Care. McGraw-Hill. p. 276. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Paleolithic diet: Can refer either to the eating habits of humans during the Paleolithic era, or of modern dietary plans purporting to be based on these habits.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The modern version was popular in the 2010s.<ref name=":1" />

Low-carbohydrate / high-fat dietsEdit

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  • Pioppi Diet<ref name="bda2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Protein Power<ref>Stare, Fredrick John; Whelan, Elizabeth M. (1998). Protein Power by Michael R. Eades, M.D., and Mary Dan Eades, M.D. In Fad-Free Nutrition. Hunter House Inc. pp. 205–207. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Rosedale diet<ref name=sbm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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High-carbohydrate / low-fat dietsEdit

  • F-plan<ref>Speakman, John R. (2003). Obesity:- Part three – failed solutions and new ideas. Biologist 50 (3): 1–6.</ref>
  • Ornish diet<ref name="famdoc" /><ref>Ayers, Suzan F; Sariscsany, Mary Jo. (2011). Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness: The Physical Best Teacher's Guide. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. p. 65. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • McDougall diet<ref name=free>Template:Cite book</ref>·
  • Pritikin Diet: A diet which focuses on the consumption of unprocessed food.<ref name="famdoc" /><ref name="globe" /><ref name="Alters2012">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Rice diet<ref name="Alters2012"/>
  • The Good Carbohydrate Revolution<ref name="famdoc" />

Liquid dietsEdit

FastingEdit

  • 5:2 diet<ref name="NHS2018" />
  • Breatharian diet: A diet based on a belief that people can sustain with spirituality and sunlight alone, but leads to starvation and devotees have been spotted eating and drinking in hiding.<ref name="Wdowik2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Orthopathy<ref>Barrett, Stephen; Herbert, Victor. Questionable Practices in Foods and Nutrition: Definitions and Descriptions. (2002). In Carolyn D. Berdanier. Handbook of Nutrition and Food. CRC Press. p. 1493. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Protein-sparing modified fast
  • Sleeping Beauty diet, a 1976 diet in which people were sedated with drugs so they would not eat for several days.<ref name=":1" />

DetoxifyingEdit

  • Detox diet<ref name="BDA2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="webmd">webmd.com, 22 April 2011, "Are Fad Diets Worth the Risk? Template:Webarchive". Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref>

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Other fad dietsEdit

Vegetarian dietsEdit

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A vegetarian diet is one which excludes meat. Vegetarians also avoid food containing by-products of animal slaughter, such as animal-derived rennet and gelatin.<ref name=vegetarian>"What is a vegetarian?" Template:Webarchive. Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>

Semi-vegetarian dietsEdit

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  • Planetary health diet: Dietary paradigms that have the following aims: to feed a growing world's population, to greatly reduce the worldwide number of deaths caused by poor diet, and to be environmentally sustainable as to prevent the collapse of the natural world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Plant-based diet: A broad term to describe diets in which animal products do not form a large proportion of the diet. Under some definitions a plant-based diet is fully vegetarian; under others it is possible to follow a plant-based diet whilst occasionally consuming meat.<ref name="US News & World Report Health">Template:Cite news</ref>

Other dietsEdit

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File:Walrus meat 1 1999-04-01.jpg
Sharing of frozen, aged walrus meat among Inuit families
File:Some Basic Macrobiotic Ingredients.JPG
Some common macrobiotic ingredients

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> WPDs are distinguished from other unbalanced diets by heavy inclusion of 'junk food' and other ultra-processed foods that generally provide substantial empty calories, carbohydrates, saturated fat, industrial trans fat, added sugar/free sugars, added salt, artificial flavor/sweetener and other processing ingredients. Archetypal examples include: RTE cereals, white breads, fast food, other convenience meals, cured meat dishes, smoked/fried meats, fried dough foods, shallow/deep fried potatoes, other foods intensely fried in rendered fat/refined oil, sugary/fatty discretionary foods (e.g., sauce, candy), colas and other sweetened soft drinks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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