Long hundred
Template:Short description The long hundred, also known as the great hundred or twelfty,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is the number 120 (in base-10 Hindu-Arabic numerals) that was referred to as hund, hund-teontig, hundrað, hundrath, or hundred in Germanic languages prior to the 15th century, and is now known as one hundred (and) twenty, or six score. The number was translated into Latin in Germanic-speaking countries as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Roman numeral C), but the qualifier long is now added because English now uses hundred exclusively to refer to the number of five score (100) instead.
The long hundred was 120, but the long thousand was reckoned decimally as 10 long hundreds (1200).
English unitEdit
The hundred (Template:Langx) was an English unit of measurement used in the production, sale and taxation of various items in the medieval kingdom of England. The value was often different from 100 units, mostly because of the continued medieval use of the Germanic long hundred of 120. The unit's use as a measure of weight is now described as a hundredweight, i.e. 112 pounds.
The Latin edition of the Assize of Weights and Measures, one of the statutes of uncertain date from around 1300, describes hundreds of (red) herring (a long hundred of 120 fish), beeswax, sugar, pepper, cumin, and alum ("Template:Sfrac stone, each stone containing 8 pounds", or 108 Tower lbs.), coarse and woven linen, hemp canvas (a long hundred of 120 ells), and iron or horseshoes and shillings (a short hundred of 100 pieces).<ref name=tract>Template:Citation. Template:In lang & Template:In lang & Template:In lang</ref> Later versions used the Troy or the avoirdupois pound in their reckonings instead and included hundreds of fresh herrings (a short hundred of 100 fish), cinnamon, nutmegs (Template:Sfrac stone of 8 lb), and garlic ("15 ropes of 15 heads", or 225 heads).<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
HistoryEdit
The existence of a non-decimal base in the earliest traces of the Germanic languages is attested by the presence of glosses such as "tenty-wise" and "ten-count" to denote that certain numbers are to be understood as decimal. Such glosses would not be expected where decimal counting was usual. In the Gothic Bible,<ref>I Cor. 15:6</ref> some marginalia glosses a five hundred (Template:Transliteration) in the text as being understood {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("tenty-wise"). Similar words are known in most other Germanic languages. Old Norse counted large numbers in twelves of tens, with its words "one hundred and eighty" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) meaning 200, "two hundred" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) meaning 240 and "thousand" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Langx) meaning 1200.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The word to signify 100 (a "short hundred") was originally {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation). The use of the long hundred in medieval England and Scotland is documented by Stevenson<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Goodare although the latter notes that it was sometimes avoided by using numbers such as "seven score".<ref name=Goodare>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> The Assize of Weights and Measures, one of England's statutes of uncertain date from Template:Circa, shows both the short and long hundred in competing use.
The hundred of kippers is formed by six score fish and the hundred of hemp canvas and linen cloth is formed by six score ells, but the hundred of pounds, to be used in measuring bulk goods, is five times twenty, and the hundred of fresh herring is five score fish.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Within the original Latin text, the numeral c. is used for a value of 120: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("And each such 'hundred' contains six twenties.")<ref name=tract/> Once the short hundred began coming into use, Old Norse referred to the long hundred as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation), as opposed to the short {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation).
Measuring by long hundreds declined as Arabic numerals, which require the uniform base 10, spread throughout Europe during and after the 14th century. In modern times, J. R. R. Tolkien's use of the long hundred system within The Lord of the Rings helped popularize the word eleventy in modern English, primarily as a colloquial word for an indefinitely large number.