Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin

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Early lifeEdit

A member of the formerly royal house of Bruce, Elgin was born at the family seat, Broomhall House, near Dunfermline, Fife. He was the second son of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and his wife Martha Whyte, governess to Princess Charlotte of Wales.<ref name="annual">The Annual Biography and Obituary for the year 1818 (Longman, Hurst, Rees, 1818), p. 239.</ref><ref>Cokayne, G.E., The Complete Peerage, vol. E to G (St Catherine Press, Limited, 1926), p. 43.</ref> He succeeded his older brother William Robert Bruce, the 6th Earl, in 1771 when he was only five.<ref name="BritA" />

He was educated at Harrow and Westminster. After several years at St Andrews, he proceeded to the Continent where he completed his studies at Paris.<ref name="BritA" />

CareerEdit

Military careerEdit

Elgin entered the army as an ensign in the Scots Guards in 1785.<ref>London Gazette, # 12636, 5 April 1785, 171</ref> He transferred to 65th Foot in 1789, as captain of a company, by purchase.<ref>London Gazette # 13095, 9 May 1789, 363</ref> In 1793, he was appointed to the staff as a major of foot by brevet, holding the rank on the Continent only.<ref>London Gazette, # 13508, 5 March 1793, 191</ref> In 1795, he transferred to 12th Regiment of Foot as a major.<ref>London Gazette, # 13772, 21 April 1795, 361</ref> Later in 1795, he raised a regiment of Fencible Infantry<ref name="Philippart, J. 1820. p.343">Philippart, J., ed. 1820. The Royal Military Calendar, or Army Service and Commission Book, Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: With Details of Principal Military Events of the Last Century, Vol.2, p.343. 3rd edition. London, UK: T. Egerton, and Sherwood, Neely and Jones</ref> and was appointed its colonel, with the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army.<ref>London Gazette, 13788, 16 June 1795, 629</ref> He was promoted to colonel in the Army in 1802, to major general in 1809 and to lieutenant general in 1814.<ref name="Philippart, J. 1820. p.343" />

Public lifeEdit

Elgin was elected as a Scottish representative peer in 1790. In 1799, he was appointed to the Privy Council (PC). He attended Parliament whenever his other duties allowed until he lost his seat in 1807.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He held the office of Lord Lieutenant of Fife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Diplomatic careerEdit

In 1791, he was sent as a temporary envoy-extraordinary to Austria, while Sir Robert Keith was ill. He was then sent as envoy-extraordinary in Brussels from 1792<ref>London Gazette, # 13451, 18 August 1792, 647</ref> until the conquest of the Austrian Netherlands by France. After spending time in Britain, he was sent as envoy-extraordinary to Prussia in 1795.<ref>London Gazette, 13804, 11 August 1795, 836</ref>Template:Sfn

Elgin was appointed as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in December 1798.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 1, 281 n3</ref> On 11 March 1799, shortly before setting off for Constantinople, Elgin married Mary, daughter and heiress of William Hamilton Nisbet, of Dirleton.<ref name="burke">Template:Cite book</ref> Elgin arrived at Constantinople on 6 November 1799. As ambassador to the Sublime Porte he showed considerable skill and energy in fulfilling a difficult mission, the extension of British influence during the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and France.<ref name=Hitchens>Christopher Hitchens, The Elgin Marbles: Should They Be Returned to Greece?, 1998, p.p.10-11</ref> The Treaty of Amiens was signed by Britain and France in March 1802. His embassy at an end, Elgin departed Constantinople on 16 January 1803.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 112, 120</ref>

The Elgin MarblesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Following discussions with the diplomat and archaeologist Sir William Hamilton, Elgin decided he would engage, at his own expense, a team of artists and architects to produce plaster casts and detailed drawings of ancient Greek buildings, sculptures and artefacts. In this way he hoped to make his embassy, "beneficial to the progress of the Fine Arts in Great Britain."<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 7-9</ref>

Elgin procured the services of a Neapolitan painter, Lusieri, and of several skilful draughtsmen and modellers. These artists were dispatched to Athens in the summer of 1800, and were principally employed in making drawings of the ancient monuments. Elgin stated that about the middle of the summer of 1801, he had received a firman from the Sublime Porte which allowed his agents not only to "fix scaffolding round the ancient Temple of the Idols [the Parthenon], and to mould the ornamental sculpture and visible figures thereon in plaster and gypsum," but also "to take away any pieces of stone with old inscriptions or figures thereon".Template:Sfn The document exists in an Italian translation made by the British Embassy in Constantinople and now held by the British Museum,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> but no official copy of it has yet been found in the Turkish government archives from the imperial era.<ref name="Nation">Template:Cite journal</ref> There is debate over the legal status of the document.<ref name="firman">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The actual procurement of ancient marbles from Athens formed no part of Elgin's first plan. The decision to remove marbles attached to structures was made on the spot by Philip Hunt, Elgin's chaplain and one of his representatives in Athens.<ref name=":0" /> Elgin's agents removed about half of the Parthenon frieze, fifteen metopes, and seventeen pedimental sculpture fragments, in addition to a caryatid and a column from the Erechtheion,<ref name="acrop museum">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> sculptured slabs from the Athenian temple of Nike Apteros, and various antiquities from Attica and other districts of Hellas.Template:Sfn

Part of the Elgin collection was prepared for embarkation for Britain in 1803, and considerable difficulties were encountered at every stage of its transit. Elgin's vessel, the Mentor, was wrecked near Cerigo with its cargo of marbles, and it was not till after the labours of three years, and the expenditure of a large sum of money, that the marbles were successfully recovered by the divers. On Elgin's departure from the Ottoman Empire in 1803, he withdrew all his artists from Athens with the exception of Lusieri, who remained to direct the excavations, which were still carried on, though on a much reduced scale. Additions continued to be made to the Elgin collections, and as late as 1812, eighty fresh cases of antiquities arrived in England.Template:Sfn

Elgin's procurement of the marbles was supported by some, including Goethe,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and censured by others in Britain as vandalism, most famously Lord Byron,<ref name="Neils2005">Template:Cite book</ref> who wrote the following lines<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> <poem>::Dull is the eye that will not weep to see

Thy walls defaced, thy mouldering shrines removed

By British hands, which it had best behoved

To guard those relics ne'er to be restored.

Curst be the hour when from their isle they roved,

And once again thy hapless bosom gored,

And snatch'd thy shrinking gods to northern climes abhorred!</poem>

Elgin defended his actions in a pamphlet Memorandum on the Subject of the Earl of Elgin's Pursuits in Greece, published in 1810.<ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911 The DNB is described in the last paragraph of this article.</ref> On the recommendation of a British parliamentary select committee, the marbles were purchased by the British government in 1816 for £35,000,<ref name="EB1911"/> considerably below their cost to Elgin (estimated at £75,000), and transferred in trust to the British Museum, where they went on display in 1817.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Britain's ownership of the Elgin Marbles is disputed by Greece.<ref name=":202">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Discussions between UK and Greek officials about the future of the marbles are ongoing.<ref name=":172">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":212">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Detention in FranceEdit

After leaving Constantinople, the Elgins decided to return to Britain via Italy and France. When, on 18 May 1803, war again broke out between Britain and France, they were in Lyon. Elgin was declared a prisoner of war and was released on parole on condition that he not leave France. In November, Elgin was imprisoned in the fortress of Lourdes and the French offered to release him in exchange for a French general in detention in England. The British refused, and Elgin was again released on parole. In October 1805, the French gave Lady Elgin, who was pregnant, permission to return to England on compassionate grounds. Elgin himself was finally allowed to leave France in June 1806 following a direct appeal to Napoleon by British Prime Minister Lord Grenville. As a condition of his release, Elgin agreed to return to France whenever the French government demanded.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 121-135</ref>

Return to Britain and later lifeEdit

Soon after returning to Britain, Elgin discovered that his wife was having an affair with Robert Ferguson, one of his oldest friends. In December 1807, Elgin successfully sued Ferguson for seduction in the English courts and was awarded £10,000 in damages. In March 1808, he brought a successful divorce action in Edinburgh against his wife on grounds of adultery. The marriage was formally dissolved by a private act of Parliament.Template:Which The court cases were widely reported and caused considerable public scandal.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 145-146.</ref>

In 1807, Elgin lost his seat in the House of Lords, and the resumption of a military or diplomatic career was ruled out by the terms of his parole in France, which Elgin felt honour bound to observe while Napoleon was in power. Elgin was deeply in debt due to the costs associated with his embassy, his procurement of the Elgin marbles, and his court actions. He virtually retired from public life.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 147-49, 180</ref>

In September 1810, Elgin married Elizabeth Oswald of Dunnikier. That year, he offered his collection of antiquities for sale to the government, but withdrew when he was offered only £30,000.<ref>St Clair (1967) pp. 180-186.</ref>

During 1815 Elgin became embroiled in the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the possessions of John Tweddell, a classical scholar who had died in 1799 in Athens. Elgin was accused of having appropriated some of Tweddell's papers after his death, during his term as British ambassador in Constantinople. Some of Tweddell's papers had been destroyed in a fire and others lost at sea. The remaining papers were misplaced when Elgin arranged for them to be sent back to England. The matter was settled in late 1816 with the return of some of the items to Tweddell's family.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1820, Elgin was again elected to the House of Lords, but his requests for a peerage were unsuccessful. He eventually moved to France to escape his creditors and died in Paris on 4 November 1841.<ref>St Clair (1967). p 270</ref> His widow, the Dowager Countess of Elgin, died in Paris 1 April 1860.<ref name="burke" />

FamilyEdit

File:Mary Nisbet.jpg

Portrait of Mary, Countess of Elgin by François Gérard, 1803

Lord Elgin married twice. On 11 March 1799, he married Mary Nisbet (1778–1855), the only child of William Hamilton Nisbet, of Dirleton. They had a son and three daughters:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="burke"/><ref>"Lord Bruce died, after a lengthened illness, ... at Talaton, Devon, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health. The deceased, George Charles Constantine Lord Bruce, who was eldest son of the Earl of Elgin, by his first marriage with Miss Nisbet, which marriage was dissolved by act of Parliament in 1808, was born the 5th of April, 1800, and was brother of Lady Mary Chichester, the lady of Mr. R. A. Chichester, M.P., Lady Matilda Maxwell, and Lady Lucy Grant. The Hon. James Bruce, the noble earl's eldest son' by his second marriage, born July 20, 1810, is now heir to the family honours.Template:Harv" </ref>

George Charles Constantine Bruce, Lord Bruce (5 April 1800Template:Snd1840)<ref>"Dec, 1. 1840 At Talaton, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health, aged 40, George Charles Constantine, Lord Bruce, eldest son of the Earl of Elgin. He was of Christ Church, Oxford. He died unmarried, and his half brother, born in 1816, is now heir apparent to the EarldomTemplate:Harv"</ref>
Lady Mary Bruce (28 August 1801 – 21 December 1883)
Lady Matilda Harriet Bruce (1802 – 31 August 1857), married Sir John Maxwell, 8th Baronet
Hon. William Nisbet Hamilton Bruce (4 March 1804 – 20 April 1805), died in infancy
Lady Lucy Bruce (21 January 1806<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Snd4 September 1881)

After her marriage to Elgin ended in divorce, Mary married Ferguson.

Elgin, on 21 September 1810, married Elizabeth Oswald (1790–1860), the youngest daughter of James Townsend Oswald of Dunnikier. They had four sons and three daughters:<ref name="burke" />

James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (20 July 1811 – 20 November 1863), governor-in-chief of British North America and viceroy of India<ref>H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 224.</ref>
Robert Bruce (15 March 1813Template:Snd27 June 1862), lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards.Template:Sfn
Sir Frederick Wright-Bruce (14 April 1814Template:Snd19 September 1867), barrister and diplomat
Lady Charlotte Christian Bruce (9 September 1817Template:Snd27 April 1872)
Lady Augusta Frederica Elizabeth Bruce (3 April 1822 – 1 March 1876), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Kent and Resident Bedchamber Woman to Queen Victoria
Thomas Charles Bruce (15 February 1825Template:Snd23 November 1890), MP for Portsmouth
Lady Frances Anne Bruce (4 October 1828 – 16 August 1894), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Edinburgh.