Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Antony Charles Robert Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (7 March 1930 – 13 January 2017) was a British photographer. He is best known internationally for his portraits of world notables, many of them published in Vogue, Vanity Fair, The Sunday Times Magazine, The Sunday Telegraph Magazine, and other major venues. More than 280 of his photographs are in the permanent collections of the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name="NPG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 1968 through 1973, he also made several television documentary films.

Snowdon was also a relentless and successful campaigner for disabled people, achieving dozens of groundbreaking political, economic, structural, transportation, and educational reforms for persons with disabilities during his adult life.

From 1960 to 1978, he was married to Princess Margaret, the sister of Queen Elizabeth II.

Early lifeEdit

Armstrong-Jones was born at Eaton Terrace in Belgravia, central London,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the only son of the marriage of the Welsh barrister Ronald Armstrong-Jones (1899–1966) and his first wife, Anne Messel (later Countess of Rosse; 1902–1992).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was called "Tony" by his close relatives.<ref>Hutchinson, Roger & Gary Kahn. A Family Affair: The Margaret and Tony Story (Two Continents, 1977)</ref><ref>Brown, Craig. Hello Goodbye Hello: A Circle of 101 Remarkable Meetings (Simon and Schuster, 2013) p. 285</ref><ref>Geld, Ellen Bromfield. View from the Fazenda: A Tale of the Brazilian Heartlands (Ohio University Press, 2003) p. 158</ref>

Armstrong-Jones's paternal grandfather was Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones, a Welsh psychiatrist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His paternal grandmother, Lady Armstrong-Jones (née Margaret Roberts), was a graduate of Somerville College, Oxford, and was the daughter of the Welsh educationalist Sir Owen Roberts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Armstrong-Jones's mother's family was of German-Jewish descent.<ref name = ODNB>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> A maternal uncle was the stage designer Oliver Messel (1904–1978); a maternal great-grandfather was the Punch cartoonist Linley Sambourne (1844–1910); and his great-great-uncle Alfred Messel was a Berlin architect.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, his great-great-grandmother, Frances Linley, was a first cousin of Elizabeth Linley, wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Armstrong-Jones's parents divorced in early 1935, before his fifth birthday.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His mother remarried later that year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As a 16-year-old he contracted polio while on holiday in Wales;<ref name="bates">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TimesObituary"/> during the six months that he was in the Liverpool Royal Infirmary recuperating, the only visitor from his family was his sister Susan.<ref name="deCourcy"/><ref name="Grice">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The illness left him with a withered left leg, one inch shorter than the other, and a slight permanent limp.<ref name="bates"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

EducationEdit

Armstrong-Jones was educated at two private boarding schools: first at Sandroyd School in Wiltshire from the autumn term of 1938 to 1943.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After Sandroyd he attended Eton College, beginning in the autumn term ("Michaelmas half") of 1943.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In March 1945, he qualified in the "extra special weight" class of the School Boxing Finals.<ref name="Cathcart73">Template:Cite book</ref> He continued to box in 1946, gaining at least two flattering mentions in the Eton College Chronicle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1947, he was a coxswain in Eton's traditional "Fourth of June" Daylight Procession of Boats.<ref name="Cathcart73" />

He then matriculated at the University of Cambridge, where he studied architecture at Jesus College, but failed his second-year exams.<ref name="BBC-Death">Template:Cite news</ref> He coxed the winning Cambridge boat in the 1950 Boat Race.<ref>British Rowing Almanack 1950.</ref>

CareerEdit

File:Earlofsnowdon.jpeg

Armstrong-Jones in 1958, photographed by Carl Van Vechten

After university, Armstrong-Jones began a career as a photographer in fashion, design and theatre. His stepmother had a friend who knew Baron the photographer; Baron visited Armstrong-Jones in his London flat, which doubled as his work studio.<ref name="Cathcart82">Template:Cite book</ref> Baron, impressed, agreed to bring on Armstrong-Jones as an apprentice, first on a fee-paying basis<ref name="Cathcart82" /> but eventually, as his talent and skills became apparent to Baron, as a salaried associate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Much of his early commissions were theatrical portraits, often with recommendations from his uncle Oliver Messel, and "society" portraits highly favoured in Tatler, which, in addition to buying many of his photographs, gave him byline credit for the captions.<ref name="Cathcart1968">Template:Cite book</ref> He later became known for his royal studies, among which were the official portraits of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh during their 1957 tour of Canada.<ref name="BBC-Obit">Template:Cite news</ref> He was also an early contributor to Queen magazine, the magazine owned by his friend Jocelyn Stevens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After marrying Princess Margaret in May 1960, Armstrong-Jones's first solo public engagement was on 7 December 1960, when he presented the 1960 National Challenge Trophies for the trade organisation the Photographic Information Council's School Photography competition, with entries from 200 schools in Britain with camera clubs, at the opening of an exhibition of the work. News of this event was covered in American<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Australian<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> newspapers, as well as in England.

In line with the usual royal practice when a king's daughter married a commoner,<ref name="WCA"/> in October 1961 Armstrong-Jones was granted a peerage, becoming Earl of Snowdon, or Lord Snowdon.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the early 1960s, Snowdon became the artistic adviser of The Sunday Times Magazine, and by the 1970s had established himself as one of Britain's most respected photographers. Though his work included everything from fashion photography to documentary images of inner-city life and the mentally ill, he is best known for his portraits of world notables, many of them published in Vogue, Vanity Fair, The Sunday Times Magazine, and The Sunday Telegraph Magazine. His subjects included Marlene Dietrich, Laurence Olivier, Maggie Smith, Leslie Caron,<ref name="Cathcart1968" /> Lynn Fontanne,<ref name="Cathcart1968" /> David Bowie, Elizabeth Taylor, Rupert Everett, Anthony Blunt,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> David Hockney,<ref name="Royal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Princess Grace of Monaco, Diana, Princess of Wales, Barbara Cartland, Raine Spencer (when she was Lady Lewisham), Desmond Guinness,<ref name="Royal" /> British prime minister Harold Macmillan,<ref name="Royal" /> Iris Murdoch,<ref name="Royal" /> Tom Stoppard,<ref name="Royal" /> Vladimir Nabokov,<ref name="Royal" /> and J. R. R. Tolkien.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than 280 of his photographs are in the permanent collections of the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name="NPG"/>

In 1968, he made his first documentary film, Don't Count the Candles,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> for the US television network CBS, on the subject of aging. It won seven awards,<ref name="BBC-Obit" /> including two Emmys.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was followed by Love of a Kind (1969), about the British and animals,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Born to Be Small (1971) about people of restricted growth<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Happy Being Happy (1973).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In October 1981, a group portrait by Snowdon of the British rock band Queen was used on the cover of their Greatest Hits album. A Snowdon portrait of Freddie Mercury was used in 2000 on the cover of Mercury's compilation box set The Solo Collection.Template:Citation needed

In 2000, Snowdon was given a retrospective exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, Photographs by Snowdon: A Retrospective,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which travelled to the Yale Center for British Art the following year.<ref name="Yale-Retrospective">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than 180 of his photographs were displayed in an exhibition that honoured what the museums called "a rounded career with sharp edges".<ref name="Yale-Retrospective" />

Snowdon was an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society—he was awarded the Hood Medal of the Society in 1978 and the Progress Medal in 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2006, Tomas Maier, creative director of the Italian fashion brand Bottega Veneta, brought in Snowdon to photograph his Autumn/Winter 2006 campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Designs and inventionsEdit

Snowdon co-designed (in 1963, with Frank Newby and Cedric Price) the "Snowdon Aviary" of the London Zoo (which opened in 1964); he later said it was one of his creations of which he was most proud, and affectionately called it the "birdcage".<ref name="Grice" /> He also had a major role in designing the physical arrangements for the 1969 investiture of his nephew Prince Charles as Prince of Wales.<ref>Royal, by Robert Lacey, 2002.</ref>

He was granted a patent for a type of electric wheelchair in 1971.<ref>Template:Cite patent</ref>

Philanthropy and charityEdit

Disabled personsEdit

Contracting polio as a teenager left Snowdon with a shortened leg and a limp. As a result, in adulthood, he was a fierce and tireless campaigner for disabled people, and over several decades achieved dozens of groundbreaking political, economic, structural, transportation, and educational reforms for persons with any type of disability.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 1960s, he served as a council member of the Polio Research Fund, later renamed the National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He served as a trustee of the National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases, since renamed Action Medical Research.<ref name="Cathcart1968" />

In June 1980, Snowdon started an award scheme for disabled students.<ref name="TimesObituary">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BBC-Obit"/> This scheme, administered by the Snowdon Trust, provides grants and scholarships for students with disabilities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He was president for England of the International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981.<ref name="TimesObituary" />

In 1981, he formed the Snowdon Council; it consisted of 12 members who coordinated a dozen different bodies concerned with helping disabled people.<ref name="BBC-Obit"/>

The artsEdit

During his first marriage, Snowdon was patron of the National Youth Theatre, the Contemporary Art Society for Wales, the Welsh Theatre Company, and the Civic Trust for Wales.<ref name="Cathcart1968" /> He was also President of the British Theatre Museum.<ref name="Cathcart1968" />

He was provost of the Royal College of Art from 1995 to 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Snowdon was married twice, first to Princess Margaret (1960 to 1978) and secondly to Lucy Mary Lindsay-Hogg (1978 to 2000).<ref name="Alderson">Template:Cite news</ref>

First marriageEdit

Template:See also

File:Princess Margaret and Lord Snowdon with Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson.jpg

Lord Snowdon, Lady Bird Johnson, Princess Margaret, and the United States president Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House on 17 November 1965

In February 1960, Snowdon, then known as Antony Armstrong-Jones, became engaged to the Queen's sister, Princess Margaret, and they married on 6 May 1960 at Westminster Abbey. The ceremony was the first royal wedding to be broadcast on television.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Despite the enthusiasm of the public, some critics disapproved of a commoner marrying into the royal family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The couple made their home in apartments at Kensington Palace. He was created Earl of Snowdon and Viscount Linley, of Nymans in the County of Sussex, on 6 October 1961.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:London Gazette</ref> The couple had two children: David, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, born 3 November 1961, and Lady Sarah, born 1 May 1964.<ref name="BBC1976">Template:Cite news</ref>

The marriage began to collapse early and publicly; various causes may have been behind the failure. On Margaret's end, there was her penchant for late-night partying, while on Snowdon's part there was his undisguised alleged sexual addiction ("'If it moves, he'll have it', was the summing-up of one close friend", writes biographer de Courcy).<ref name="deCourcy">"Snowdon: the Biography" by Anne de Courcy, reviewed by Duncan Fallowell, The Daily Telegraph, 20 June 2008.</ref> Anne de Courcy, in her 2008 authorised biography, writes "'[T]o most of the girls who worked in the Pimlico Road studio, there seemed little doubt that Tony was gay'. To which Tony responds: 'I didn't fall in love with boys – but a few men have been in love with me.'"<ref name="deCourcy" /> Snowdon's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography identifies him as bisexual, a label which he never denied during his life.<ref name = ODNB/><ref name="Alderson" /> In his 2009 memoir, Redeeming Features, British interior designer Nicky Haslam claimed that he had an affair with Snowdon before the latter's marriage to Princess Margaret and that Snowdon had also been the lover of Tom Parr, another leading interior designer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> De Courcy reveals a series of affairs with women, including a 20-year relationship with his mistress, journalist Ann Hills, which lasted from 1976 until her suicide in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The couple remained married for eighteen years. "They were both pretty strong-willed and accustomed to having their own way, so there were bound to be collisions", according to de Courcy. His work also consumed a great deal of time. "She expected her husband to be with her more, but one of Tony's strongest motivations was work."<ref name="Frost">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The marriage was accompanied by drugs, alcohol, and bizarre behaviour by both parties, such as his leaving lists of "Twenty Reasons Why I Hate You" for the princess to find between the pages of books she read.<ref name = ODNB/> According to biographer Sarah Bradford, one note read: "You look like a Jewish manicurist and I hate you".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to biographer de Courcy, "Most people, including the Royal Family, took his side."<ref name="deCourcy" />

When high society palled for Snowdon, he would escape to a hideaway cottage with his lovers or on overseas photographic assignments. Among Snowdon's lovers in the late 1960s was Lady Jacqueline Rufus-Isaacs, daughter of the 3rd Marquess of Reading.<ref name="Alderson" /> In spite of her own affairs, Margaret was said to be particularly upset when hearing about this woman.<ref name="Frost" /> Margaret and Snowdon separated in 1976, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1978.<ref name="BBC1976" />

In 2004, The Sunday Telegraph reported that Snowdon had fathered an illegitimate daughter shortly before marrying Princess Margaret.<ref name="Bloxham">Bloxham, Andy (31 May 2008). "Lord Snowdon fathered a secret love child just months before marrying Princess Margaret". The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 28 June 2008.</ref> Polly Fry, born on 28 May 1960 in the third week of Lord Snowdon's marriage to Princess Margaret, was brought up as a daughter of Jeremy Fry, inventor and member of the Fry's chocolate family, and his wife Camilla.<ref name="Bloxham"/><ref>Conti, Samantha (21 November 2008). "The Tony Earl". Women's Wear Daily. p. 10.</ref> Polly Fry asserted that a DNA test in 2004 proved Snowdon's paternity. Jeremy Fry rejected her claim, and Snowdon denied having taken a DNA test. However, four years later, after Fry had died, Snowdon admitted that this account was true.<ref name="Alderson" /><ref name="Bloxham" />

Second marriageEdit

After his divorce from Princess Margaret, Lord Snowdon married Lucy Mary Lindsay-Hogg (née Davies), the former wife of Sir Michael Lindsay-Hogg, 5th Baronet, in December 1978. In 1979, they had a daughter, Lady Frances Armstrong-Jones, who became a designer and board member of the Snowdon Trust.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2006, Lady Frances married Rodolphe von Hofmannsthal (b. 1980), the great-grandson of Hugo von Hofmannsthal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By 2024, Lady Frances was romantically partnered with Hugh Corcoran, with whom she operated the Yellow Bittern, a restaurant in London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Snowdons separated in 2000 after the revelation that in 1998 Snowdon had fathered a son, Jasper William Oliver Cable-Alexander, by Melanie Cable-Alexander, an editor at Country Life magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Owens, Mitchell (27 July 1999). "Noticed: Blood Tells. So Does Burke's". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</ref>

DeathEdit

Lord Snowdon died from kidney failure at his home in Kensington on 13 January 2017, aged 86.<ref name = ODNB/><ref name="BBC-Death" /> His funeral took place on 20 January at St Baglan's Church in the remote village of Llanfaglan near Caernarfon. He was buried in the family plot in the churchyard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PublicationsEdit

Snowdon authored and curated a book of his own photographs, entitled Snowdon: A Life in View.<ref name = ODNB/> It was edited by his daughter Lady Frances von Hofmannsthal. Graydon Carter wrote the foreword and Patrick Kinmonth wrote the introduction. Tom Ford is listed as a contributor in the book's credentials. It was published by Rizzoli in 2017.Template:Citation needed

Generally, Snowdon's publications have been attributed to Antony Armstrong-Jones. Occasionally, the byline includes Earl of Snowdon, and most of the titles at least contain Snowdon in the title.

Template:Div col

London. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1958. (A later edition has Template:ISBN.)
Private View: The Lively World of British Art (1965, with text by Bryan Robertson and John Russell)
Assignments. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972. Template:ISBN.
A View of Venice. [Ivrea]: Olivetti, c1972.
Snowdon: A Photographic Autobiography (Times Books, 1979)
Personal View. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979. Template:ISBN.
Snowdon Tasmania Essay. Hobart: Ronald Banks, 1981. Template:ISBN. Text by Trevor Wilson.
Sittings, 1979–1983. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983. Template:ISBN.
Israel: A First View. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986. Template:ISBN.
Stills 1984–1987. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. Template:ISBN.
Serendipity: A Light-hearted Look at People, Places and Things. Brighton: Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums, 1989. Template:ISBN.
Pride of the Shires: The Story of the Whitbread Horses
Public Appearances 1987–1991. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991. Template:ISBN.
Hong Kong: Portraits of Power. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995. Template:ISBN. Text by Evelyn Huang and Lawrence Jeffery.
Wild Flowers. London: Pavilion, 1995. Template:ISBN.
Snowdon on Stage: With a Personal View of the British Theatre 1954–1996. London: Pavilion, 1996. Template:ISBN.
Wild Fruit. London: Bloomsbury, 1997. Template:ISBN. Text by Penny David.
London: Sight Unseen. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999. Template:ISBN. Text by Gwyn Headley.
Photographs by Snowdon: A Retrospective. London: National Portrait Gallery, 2000. Template:ISBN.
Snowdon. London: Chris Beetles Gallery, 2006. Template:ISBN.

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Titles, honours and armsEdit

PeerageEdit

Following his wedding, Armstrong-Jones was granted an earldom<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and introduced to the House of Lords as the Earl of Snowdon on 28 February 1962.<ref>Template:Hansard</ref> The awarding of the earldom was in line with the practice of granting a peerage upon marriage into the royal family.<ref name="WCA">"The Peerage". Whitaker's Concise Almanack. 2003. pp. 134–169. Template:ISBN.</ref> Snowdon was appointed Constable of Caernarfon Castle in 1963; as part of this role, he designed and organised the Investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969.<ref name="BBC-Obit" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

He made his maiden speech in the House of Lords in April 1972<ref>Template:Hansard</ref> on the problems that disabled people suffered in everyday life.<ref name="TimesObituary" /> One of his last contributions to the Lords was in response to the Queen's Speech of 1992.<ref>Template:Hansard</ref>

On 16 November 1999, Lord Snowdon was created Baron Armstrong-Jones, of Nymans in the County of West Sussex.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> This was a life peerage given to him so that he could keep his seat in the House of Lords after most hereditary peers had been excluded. An offer of a life peerage was made to all hereditary peers of the first creation (those for whom a peerage was originally created, as opposed to those who inherited a peerage from an ancestor) at that time.<ref name="Watt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The government of the day had expected Lord Snowdon to follow the example of members of the royal family and turn down his right to a life peerage. At the time, Labour MP Fraser Kemp said he was "shocked and surprised that someone who achieved their position in the House of Lords by virtue of marriage should accept a seat in the reformed Lords".<ref name="Watt" />

Snowdon retired from the House of Lords on 31 March 2016,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> having seldom attended<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> nor claimed any expenses for many years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Awards and honoursEdit

7 July 1969: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
1985: Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society and an Honorary Fellowship<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1989: honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) of the University of Bath.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ArmsEdit

Template:Emblem table

IssueEdit

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
by Camilla Grinling Fry
Polly Fry	28 May 1960		Barnaby Higson<ref name="Bloxham" />	5 children<ref name="Bloxham" />
by Princess Margaret
David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon	3 November 1961	8 October 1993 Separated 2020	Serena Stanhope	Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones	1 May 1964	14 July 1994<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Daniel Chatto	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arthur Chatto<ref name="Hardie" />
by Lucy Mary Lindsay-Hogg
Lady Frances Armstrong-Jones	17 July 1979	2 December 2006<ref name="Times">Template:Cite news</ref> Separated 2022	Rodolphe von Hofmannsthal<ref name="Times" />	Rex von Hofmannsthal<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Maud von Hofmannsthal<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Sybil von Hofmannsthal
by Melanie Cable-Alexander
Jasper Cable-Alexander<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	30 April 1998

In popular cultureEdit

Armstrong-Jones is portrayed in the Netflix series The Crown in season 2 by Matthew Goode<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in season 3 by Ben Daniels.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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