Louis I of Naples

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Louis I (Italian: Luigi, Aloisio, or Ludovico ; 1320 – 26 May 1362), also known as Louis of Taranto, was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou who reigned as King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and Prince of Taranto.

Louis gained the crown of Naples by marrying his half-first cousin/ first cousin-once-removed, Queen Joanna I, whose prior husband, Andrew, had died as a result of a conspiracy that may have involved both of them. Immediately after securing his status as her co-ruler, Louis successfully wrested away all power from his wife, leaving her a sovereign in name only. Their disastrous marriage resulted in the birth of two daughters, Catherine and Frances, neither of whom survived their parents. During their joint reign, Louis dealt with numerous uprisings, attacks, and unsuccessful military operations; he is generally considered an inefficient monarch. Following his death, Joanna resumed her power and refused to share it with her subsequent husbands.

Background and familyEdit

A member of the Capetian House of Anjou, Louis was born in Naples as the second son of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, and Catherine II, Latin Empress.Template:Sfn He was a patrilineal first cousin once removed of both Queen Joanna I of Naples and her husband Andrew, Duke of Calabria, in addition to being Joanna's maternal first cousin. Louis' older brother Robert, Prince of Taranto, was having an open affair with Queen Joanna. When the 17-year-old Andrew was assassinated on 18 September 1345 for seeking to co-reign with his wife, Joanna was immediately suspected of ordering the murder with the help of Louis and Robert.<ref name="Engel">Template:Cite book</ref>

Following her husband's death, the young queen was strongly influenced by Robert, but by October 1346, she had become closer to Louis.<ref name="Kelly">Template:Cite book</ref> The brothers' mother died the same month, leaving her claim to the Latin Empire to Robert, who in turn ceded the Principality of Taranto to Louis.<ref name="Emmerson">Template:Cite book</ref>

MarriageEdit

File:Coin of Joan and Louis I of Provence.jpg

Provençal coin of "King Louis and Queen Joanna" (L· REX- E· I· REG), struck between 1349 and 1362

Louis and Joanna married in Naples on 22 August 1347,<ref name="Kelly"/> without seeking dispensation from Pope Clement VI – necessary because of their being closely related.<ref name="Emmerson"/> The marriage was an attempt to secure the kingdom for Louis rather than to pacify the belligerent branches of the House of Anjou.<ref name="Grierson"/>

Ascension to powerEdit

The couple fled to Provence, which Joanna ruled as countess, after King Louis I of Hungary invaded Naples to avenge the murder of his brother Andrew.<ref name="Kelly"/> They met Clement, feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples, in Avignon. To secure his acceptance of their marriage and support against the accusations of Andrew's murder, Joanna sold him the city.<ref name="Emmerson"/>

File:Louis I of Naples enthroned.jpg

Detail of an Arthurian-themed manuscript made for Louis, showing him enthroned

The Black Death forced the Hungarians to retreat from Naples in August 1348. Louis and Joanna, who had just had their elder daughter, Catherine, immediately returned to the kingdom.<ref name="Emmerson"/> From early 1349 onwards, all documents for the kingdom were issued in the names of both husband and wife, and Louis was indisputably in control of military fortresses.<ref name="Kelly"/> On coins issued during their joint reign, Louis' name always preceded Joanna's.<ref name="Grierson">Template:Cite book</ref> Although he was not officially recognised by Clement as king and co-ruler until 1352, it is likely that Neapolitans considered him their monarch from the moment he started acting as such.<ref name="Kelly"/>

Louis took advantage of the turmoil caused by yet another Hungarian attack to wrest complete royal authority from his wife.<ref name="Grierson"/> He purged the court of her supporters,<ref name="Jones"/> and struck down her favourite, Enrico Caracciolo, whom he accused of adultery in April 1349 and very likely had executed.<ref name="Kelly"/>

Official reignEdit

File:Louis I of Naples surrounded by subjects.jpg

Page of the statutes of the Order of the Knot (19th-century facsimile)

In 1350, the King of Hungary launched another invasion, forcing Louis and Joanna to flee to Gaeta. Louis narrowly defeated Hungarian forces with Pope Clement's help. The Pope, however, reprimanded Louis for "treating the Queen as a prisoner and servant", and agreed to recognise Louis as king and co-ruler only on the condition that he accepted the fact that he held the crown in Joanna's right.<ref name="Jones">Template:Cite book</ref> Their younger daughter, Françoise, was born soon thereafter. Louis received Clement's formal recognition as his wife's co-ruler in all her realms on 20<ref name="Emmerson"/> or 23 March 1352,<ref name="Boulton"/> and was crowned king alongside her on Pentecost on 25<ref name="Emmerson"/> or 27 May 1352.<ref name="Boulton">Template:Cite book</ref> Françoise, by then the couple's only surviving child, died on their coronation day. Louis founded the Order of the Knot on the occasion of the coronation, most likely hoping to enhance the tarnished reputation he shared with Joanna.<ref name="Newton">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1356, they were crowned in Messina as rulers of Sicily, but failed to capture the entire island, which had been seized from the House of Anjou by the House of Barcelona in 1285 and thereafter ruled as a separate kingdom.<ref name="Grierson"/>

The death of their supporter, Clement VI, was a blow to Louis and Joanna. His successor, Innocent VI, excommunicated them for failing to pay their annual tribute to the Holy See. The issue was resolved by a visit to Avignon in 1360.<ref name="Emmerson"/>

Louis' attempt in 1360 to dethrone Frederick the Simple and regain Sicily ended in a failure, though he did manage to occupy much of the island (including Palermo, the capital) before its barons rebelled. At home, he faced opposition from his and his wife's cousins, the House of Anjou-Durazzo, who strongly resented his dominance, with Louis of Gravina stirring revolts in Apulia.<ref name="Emmerson"/>

Death and legacyEdit

Louis died, probably of bubonic plague, in Naples on 26 May 1362.<ref name="Boulton"/> Joanna immediately resumed authority in her realms.<ref name="Boulton"/> Although she remarried twice more, to James IV of Majorca and Otto of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Louis remained the only husband of hers whom she accorded the status of co-monarch.<ref name="Grierson"/> Taranto passed to his younger brother, Philip II. Upon Louis' death, the order he had created simply dissolved.<ref name="Boulton"/> He was buried in the Territorial Abbey of Montevergine, next to his mother.<ref name="Gunn">Template:Cite book</ref>

Though a chronicler wrote that the "death of Louis of Taranto caused great corruption in all the kingdom",<ref name="Jones"/> his contemporaries unanimously thought him to be lacking in both ability and character. Petrarch, familiar with the members of the Neapolitan court, described him as "violent and mendacious, prodigal and avaricious, debauched and cruel", a person who "knew neither how to make his subjects love him" and who even had no "need of their love".<ref name="Boulton"/> Louis I's greatest achievement was appointing Niccolò Acciaioli as grand seneschal, which provided Naples with a capable administrator and military leader.<ref name="Grierson"/>