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Lower Egypt

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Lower Egyptⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ, ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ
مصر السفلى 

    | {{#if:Lower Egypt

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Lower Egypt
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مصر السفلى

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              |Micronation
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State anthem: {{{state_anthem}}}
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March: {{{march}}}
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Map of Lower Egypt with its historical nomes

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and largest city
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• Total

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• Water

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• 

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• Total

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• Per capita

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• Summer (DST)

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|

Website
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| label135 = Today part of | data135 = Egypt

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|

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  8. }}

}} | data138 = {{#if:|

{{{footnotes}}}{{#if:|
{{{footnotes2}}}}}

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| belowclass = mergedtoprow noprint | below = {{#if:| Template:Navbar }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox country with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| admin_center_type | admin_center | alt_coat | alt_flag | alt_flag2 | alt_map | alt_map2 | alt_map3 | alt_symbol | anthem | anthems | antipodes | area_acre | area_data2 | area_data3 | area_footnote | area_ha | area_km2 | area_label | area_label2 | area_label3 | area_land_acre | area_land_footnote | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_link | area_rank | area_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_footnote | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_sq_mi | regexp1 = border_[ps][%d]+ | calling_code | capital_exile | capital_type | capital | cctld | coa_size | coat_alt | common_languages | common_name | conventional_long_name | coordinates | currency_code | currency | date_end | regexp2 = date_event[%d]+ | date_format | date_post | date_pre | date_start | demonym | regexp3 = deputy[%d]+ | drives_on | DST_note | DST | empire | englishmotto | era | regexp4 = established_date[%d]+ | regexp5 = established_event[%d]+ | established | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | event_end | event_post | event_pre | event_start | regexp6 = event[%d]+ | flag| flag_alt | flag_alt2 | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_caption | regexp7 = flag_[ps][%d]+ | flag_size | flag_type | flag_type_article | flag_width | flag2_border | regexp8 = footnote_[a-h] | regexp9 = footnote[%d]+ | footnotes | footnotes2 | FR_cadastre_area_km2 | FR_cadastre_area_rank | FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi | FR_foot | FR_foot2 | FR_foot3 | FR_foot4 | FR_foot5 | FR_IGN_area_km2 | FR_IGN_area_rank | FR_IGN_area_sq_mi | FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank | FR_metropole_population | FR_metropole | FR_total_population_estimate_rank | FR_total_population_estimate_year | FR_total_population_estimate | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | regexp10 = image_[ps][%d]+ | image_symbol | iso3166code | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | regexp11 = leader_name[%d]+ | regexp12 = leader_title[%d]+ | regexp13 = leader[%d]+ | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | motto | name | national_anthem | national_languages | national_motto | native_name | navbar | nummembers | official_languages | official_website | org_type | other_symbol_type | other_symbol | regexp14 = [ps][%d]+ | patron_saint | patron_saints | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regexp15 = ref_area[%d]+ | regexp16 = ref_pop[%d]+ | regional_languages | recognized_regional_languages | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | regexp17 = representative[%d]+ | royal_anthem | flag_anthem | march | national_march | regional_anthem | territorial_anthem | state_anthem | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | regexp18 = stat_area[%d]+ | regexp19 = stat_pop[%d]+ | regexp20 = stat_year[%d]+ | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type_house1 | type_house2 | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | regexp21 = year_deputy[%d]+ | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | regexp22 = year_leader[%d]+ | regexp23 = year_representative[%d]+ | year_start}}Template:Main other{{#if:|{{#ifeq:|Colony|Template:Main other|{{#ifeq:|Exile|Template:Main other}}}} }} {{#invoke:Sidebar|collapsible | name = History of Egypt | bodystyle = border-collapse:collapse; background:#fff2e2 | title = Template:Region history sidebar title | contentstyle = padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; | content1 = | list1name = Prehistoric Egypt | list1title = Prehistoric Egypt | list1 = Template:Aligned table | content2 = | list2name = Ancient Egypt | list2title = Ancient Egypt | list2 = Template:Aligned table | content3 = | list3name = Greco-Roman Egypt | list3title = Greco-Roman Egypt | list3 = Template:Aligned table

| content4 = | list4name = Medieval Egypt | list4title = Medieval Egypt | list4 = Template:Aligned table

| content5 = | list5name = Early modern | list5title = Early modern Egypt | list5 = Template:Aligned table

| content6 = | list6name = Late Modern | list6title = Late Modern Egypt | list6 = Template:Aligned table | below = {{#invoke:portal-inline|main|Egypt|size=tiny}} | navbarstyle = padding-top:0; }} Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Location map+ Lower Egypt (Template:Langx Template:Transliteration; Template:Langx) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. Historically, the Nile River split into seven branches of the delta in Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was divided into nomes and began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BC.<ref name="Roebuck1" /> Today, it contains two major channels that flow through the delta of the Nile River – Mahmoudiyah Canal (ancient Agathos Daimon) and Muways Canal (Template:Langx, "waterway of Moses").

NameEdit

In Ancient Egyptian, Lower Egypt was known as mḥw which means "north".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later on, during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Greeks and Romans called it Κάτω Αἴγυπτος or Aegyptus Inferior both meaning "Lower Egypt", but Copts carried on using the old name related to the north – Tsakhet (Template:Langx) or Psanemhit (Template:Langx) meaning the "Northern part". It was further divided into a number of regions or nomes (Template:Langx) – Niphaiat (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) in the west, Tiarabia (Template:Langx) in the east, Nimeshshoti (Template:Langx) in the north-east and Bashmur (Bashmuric Template:Langx) in the north. Champollion adds another region in the middle of the Delta which he calls Petmour (Template:Langx)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> based on Template:Langx mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium, but it is unclear if this is a separate region or just a Greek rendering of the name Bashmur.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After the Muslim conquest, the middle part of the Delta was called al-Rif (Template:Langx) which means "countryside, rural area" and which is derived from Ancient Egyptian <hiero> r:Z1-pr*Z1:niwt </hiero>r-pr, "temple", because the rural areas were administered by them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The eastern part roughly comprising the ancient Tiarabia was called al-Hawf (Template:Langx) meaning "edge, fringe".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

Today, there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta.

The delta region is well watered, crisscrossed by channels and canals.

Owing primarily to its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt, the southern portion of the country. Temperatures are less extreme and rainfall is more abundant in Lower Egypt.

HistoryEdit

It was divided into twenty districts called nomes, the first of which was at el-Lisht. Because Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs, the organization of the nomes underwent several changes.

The capital of Lower Egypt was Memphis. Its patron goddess was the goddess Wadjet, depicted as a cobra. Lower Egypt was represented by the Red Crown Deshret, and its symbols were the papyrus and the bee. After unification, the patron deities of both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were represented together as the Two Ladies, Wadjet and Nekhbet (depicted as a vulture), to protect all of the ancient Egyptians.

By approximately 3600 BC, Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile River had based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals.<ref>Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing: New York, 1966) p. 51.</ref> Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization.<ref name=Roebuck1>Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1966) p. 52-53.</ref> A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery in the Southern Levant, appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time.<ref name=Roebuck1 /> The Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks, and architectural building principles—including the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect—became popular during this time.<ref name=Roebuck1 />

Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt, occurred. At the same time, the societies of the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt also underwent a unification process.<ref name=Roebuck1 /> Warfare between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt occurred often.<ref name=Roebuck1 /> During his reign in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies in the Delta and merged the kingdoms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt under his single rule.<ref>Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons Publishers: New York, 1966), p. 53.</ref>

List of kings of the Predynastic Period of Lower EgyptEdit

The Palermo stone, a royal annal written in the mid Fifth Dynasty (c. 2490 BC – c. 2350 BC) records a number of kings reigning over Lower Egypt before Narmer. These are completely unattested outside these inscriptions:

Name
Hsekiu<ref name="breasted36"/>
Khayu<ref name="breasted36"/>
Tiu<ref name="breasted36">Breasted (1909) p.36</ref>
Thesh<ref name="breasted36"/>
Neheb<ref name="breasted36"/>
Wazner<ref name="breasted36"/>
Mekh<ref name="breasted36"/>
(destroyed)<ref name="breasted36"/>

In contrast, the following kings are attested through archeological finds from Sinai and Lower Egypt: Double Falcon, Crocodile.

List of nomesEdit

Number Egyptian Name Capital Modern name of capital site English Translation God
1 Inebu-hedj Ineb Hedj / Men-nefer / Menfe (Memphis) Mit Rahina White Walls Ptah
2 Khensu Khem (Letopolis) Ausim Cow's thigh Horus
3 Imnt Imu (Apis) Kom el-Hisn West Hathor
4 Zapi-Res Ptkheka Tanta Southern shield Sobek, Isis, Amun
5 Zapi-Meh Zau (Sais) Sa el-Hagar Northern shield Neith
6 Khaset Khasu (Xois) Sakha Mountain bull Amun-Ra
7 A-ment (Hermopolis Parva, Metelis) Damanhur West harpoon Hu
8 A-bt Tjeku / Per-Atum (Heroonpolis, Pithom) Tell el-Maskhuta East harpoon Atum
9 Ati Djed (Busiris) Abu Sir Bara Andjeti Osiris
10 Ka-khem Hut-hery-ib (Athribis) Banha (Tell Atrib) Black bull Horus
11 Ka-heseb Taremu (Leontopolis) Tell el-Urydam Heseb bull Isis
12 Theb-ka Tjebnutjer (Sebennytos) Samanud Calf and Cow Onuris
13 Heq-At Iunu (Heliopolis) Materiya (suburb of Cairo) Prospering Sceptre Ra
14 Khent-abt Tjaru (Sile, Tanis) Tell Abu Sefa Eastmost Horus
15 Tehut Ba'h / Weprehwy (Hermopolis Parva) Baqliya Ibis Thoth
16 Kha Djedet (Mendes) Tell el-Rubˁ Fish Banebdjedet, or Hatmehyt
17 Semabehdet Semabehdet (Diospolis Inferior) Tell el-Balamun The throne Amun-Ra
18 Am-Khent Per-Bastet (Bubastis) Tell Bastah (near Zagazig) Prince of the South Bastet
19 Am-Pehu Dja'net (Leontopolis Tanis) Tell Nebesha or San el-Hagar Prince of the North Uatchet
20 Sopdu Per-Sopdu Saft el-Hinna Plumed Falcon Sopdet

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

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it:Geografia dell'antico Egitto#Basso Egitto

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