Lower Rio Grande Valley

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Main other{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_blank1_acre | area_blank1_dunam | area_blank1_ha | area_blank1_km2 | area_blank1_sq_mi | area_blank1_title | area_blank2_acre | area_blank2_dunam | area_blank2_ha | area_blank2_km2 | area_blank2_sq_mi | area_blank2_title | area_code | area_code_type | area_codes | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_dunam | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_metro_acre | area_metro_dunam | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rural_acre | area_rural_dunam | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_dunam | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_dunam | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_dunam | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_alt | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | caption | code1_info | code1_name | code2_info | code2_name | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | demographics_type1 | demographics_type2 | demographics1_footnotes | demographics1_info1 | demographics1_info10 | demographics1_info2 | demographics1_info3 | demographics1_info4 | demographics1_info5 | demographics1_info6 | demographics1_info7 | demographics1_info8 | demographics1_info9 | demographics1_title1 | demographics1_title10 | demographics1_title2 | demographics1_title3 | demographics1_title4 | demographics1_title5 | demographics1_title6 | demographics1_title7 | demographics1_title8 | demographics1_title9 | demographics2_footnotes | demographics2_info1 | demographics2_info10 | demographics2_info2 | demographics2_info3 | demographics2_info4 | demographics2_info5 | demographics2_info6 | demographics2_info7 | demographics2_info8 | demographics2_info9 | demographics2_title1 | demographics2_title10 | demographics2_title2 | demographics2_title3 | demographics2_title4 | demographics2_title5 | demographics2_title6 | demographics2_title7 | demographics2_title8 | demographics2_title9 | dimensions_footnotes | dunam_link | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | footnotes | founder | geocode | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | government_blank1_title | government_blank1 | government_blank2_title | government_blank2 | government_blank2_title | government_blank3 | government_blank3_title | government_blank3 | government_blank4_title | government_blank4 | government_blank5_title | government_blank5 | government_blank6_title | government_blank6 | grid_name | grid_position | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map1 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | length_km | length_mi | map_alt | map_alt1 | map_caption | map_caption1 | mapsize | mapsize1 | module | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_name | other_name | p1 | p10 | p11 | p12 | p13 | p14 | p15 | p16 | p17 | p18 | p19 | p2 | p20 | p21 | p22 | p23 | p24 | p25 | p26 | p27 | p28 | p29 | p3 | p30 | p31 | p32 | p33 | p34 | p35 | p36 | p37 | p38 | p39 | p4 | p40 | p41 | p42 | p43 | p44 | p45 | p46 | p47 | p48 | p49 | p5 | p50 | p6 | p7 | p8 | p9 | parts | parts_style | parts_type | pop_est_as_of | pop_est_footnotes | population | population_as_of | population_blank1 | population_blank1_footnotes | population_blank1_title | population_blank2 | population_blank2_footnotes | population_blank2_title | population_demonym | population_demonyms | population_density_blank1_km2 | population_density_blank1_sq_mi | population_density_blank2_km2 | population_density_blank2_sq_mi | population_density_km2 | population_density_metro_km2 | population_density_metro_sq_mi | population_density_rank | population_density_rural_km2 | population_density_rural_sq_mi | population_density_sq_mi | population_density_urban_km2 | population_density_urban_sq_mi | population_est | population_footnotes | population_metro | population_metro_footnotes | population_note | population_rank | population_rural | population_rural_footnotes | population_total | population_urban | population_urban_footnotes | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | timezone3 | timezone3_DST | timezone3_location | timezone4 | timezone4_DST | timezone4_location | timezone5 | timezone5_DST | timezone5_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset3 | utc_offset3_DST | utc_offset4 | utc_offset4_DST | utc_offset5 | utc_offset5_DST | website | width_km | width_mi | mapframe | mapframe-area_km2 | mapframe-area_mi2 | mapframe-caption | mapframe-coord | mapframe-coordinates | mapframe-custom | mapframe-frame-coord | mapframe-frame-coordinates | mapframe-frame-height | mapframe-frame-width | mapframe-geomask | mapframe-geomask-fill | mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity | mapframe-geomask-stroke-color | mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour | mapframe-geomask-stroke-width | mapframe-height | mapframe-id | mapframe-length_km | mapframe-length_mi | mapframe-marker | mapframe-marker-color | mapframe-marker-colour | mapframe-point | mapframe-shape | mapframe-shape-fill | mapframe-shape-fill-opacity | mapframe-stroke-color | mapframe-stroke-colour | mapframe-stroke-width | mapframe-switcher | mapframe-width | mapframe-wikidata | mapframe-zoom }}{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check | template = Infobox settlement | cat = Template:Main other | population; population_total | image_size; imagesize | image_alt; alt | image_caption; caption }}{{#if:

|

}}Template:Main other

Lower Rio Grande Valley (Template:Langx), often referred to as the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of South Texas, is a region located in the southernmost part of Texas, along the northern bank of the Rio Grande. It is also known locally as the Valley or the 956 (the area code for the region). It is a region spanning the border of Texas and Mexico located in a floodplain of the Rio Grande near its mouth.<ref name=":1" /> The region includes the southernmost tip of South Texas and a portion of northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. In the United States, it consists of the Brownsville-Harlingen and McAllen-Edinburg-Mission metropolitan areas, and the Rio Grande City-Roma and Raymondville micropolitan areas. In Mexico, it consists of the Matamoros, Río Bravo, and Reynosa metropolitan areas.<ref name=":62">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> The area is generally bilingual in English and Spanish, with a fair amount of Spanglish<ref name=":16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> due to the region's diverse history and transborder agglomerations.<ref name=":52">Template:Cite book</ref> It is home to some of the poorest cities in the nation, as well as many unincorporated, persistent poverty communities called colonias.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A large seasonal influx occurs of "winter Texans" – people who come down from the north for the winter and then return north before summer arrives.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

Pre-Spanish colonization

File:Langs N.Amer.png

Map of indigenous peoples in North America

Native peoples lived in small tribes in the area before the Spanish conquest.<ref name=":82">Template:Cite book</ref> The native tribes in South Texas were known to be hunter-gatherer peoples.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref> The area was known for its smaller nomadic tribes collectively called Coahuiltecan.<ref name=":9" /> Native archaeological excavations near Brownsville have shown evidence of prehistoric shell trading.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Spanish colonization

File:Provincias Internas de Oriente.jpg

Map of Spanish Colonies along the Gulf of Mexico in 1815

Initially, the Spanish had a hard time conquering the area due to the differences in native languages, so they mainly focused on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico also known as the Seno Mexicano.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite book</ref> Also, a major conflict existed on who would conquer the region. Antonio Ladrón de Guevara wanted to colonize the region, but the Viceroy of New Spain José Tienda de Cuervo doubted Ladrón de Guevara's character, eventually leading to a royal Spanish declaration preventing Ladrón de Guevara from participating in colonization efforts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The first villas in the region were settled in Laredo and Reynosa in 1767.<ref name=":42"/> In 1805, the Spanish government solidified the autonomy of the region by defining the territory of Nuevo Santander as south of the colony of Tejas from the Nueces River south to Tampico, Charcas, and Valles.<ref name=":42"/><ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref> The local government of the region had a rough start with various indigenous wars up until 1812.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence, the state was renamed Tamaulipas.

Republic of Texas and annexation by the United States

File:Arrowsmith Map of Texas 1841 UTA.jpg

Map of the Republic of Texas 1841 with expansive borders

The Texas Revolution of 1835–1836 put the majority of what is now called the Rio Grande Valley under contested Texan sovereignty.<ref name=":52"/> The area also became a thoroughfare for runaway slaves fleeing to Mexico.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1844, the United States under President James K. Polk annexed the Republic of Texas, against British and Mexican sentiments,<ref name=":10">Template:Cite book</ref> contributing to the onset of the Mexican–American War.<ref name=":10" /> The area along the Rio Grande was the source of several major battles, including the Battle of Resaca de la Palma near Brownsville.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The war ended in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which defined the United States' southern border as the Rio Grande. The change in government led to a mass migration from Tamaulipas to the United States side of the river.<ref name=":42"/>

From the end of the Mexican-American War, the population of the Valley began to grow, and farmers began to raise cattle in the area.<ref name=":42" /> Despite the end of the formal war in 1848, interracial strife continued between native peoples and the white settlers over land through the 1920s.<ref name=":82"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early 1900s and the Mexican Revolution

File:Book of Texas (1916) (14586900509).jpg

Irrigation outside of San Benito, Texas in 1916

At the turn of the 20th century trade and immigration between Mexico and the United States was a normal part of society.<ref name=":62"/> The development of the St. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railway in 1903 and the irrigation of the Rio Grande allowed the Rio Grande Valley to develop into profitable farmland.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite journal</ref> Droughts in the 1890s and early 1900s caused smaller farmers and cattle ranchers to lose their lands. Rich white settlers brought by the railroad bought the land and displaced the Tejano ranchers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Meanwhile, across the river, Mexico was dealing with the Mexican Revolution.<ref name=":11" /> The revolution spilled over the border through cross-border supply raids, and in response President Taft sent the United States Army into the region beginning in 1911 and continuing until 1916 when the majority of the United States armed forces were stationed in the region. Texas governor Oscar Colquitt also sent the Texas Rangers into the area to keep the peace between Mexicans and Americans.<ref name=":62" />

File:Rangers1915.JPG

Texas Rangers with dead Mexicans after the Raid on Norias Ranch outside Kingsville, TX

The region played host to several well-known conflicts including the backlash from the Plan of San Diego, and the racially fueled violence of Texas Ranger Harry Ransom.<ref name=":62" /> In 1921 the United States Border Patrol came to the region with less than 10 officers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Initially the agency was focused on import and export business, especially alcohol during Prohibition in the United States, but later moved to detaining illegal aliens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:No more men are needed for the watch on the Rhine, but 26,000 men are wanted to relieve the watch on the Rio Grande - Gordon Grant Capt. U.S.A. LCCN2002712341.jpg

Poster recruiting men to serve in the US Army along the Rio Grande

The region had a significant increase of Border Patrol agents during World War I in conjunction with the Zimmermann Telegram.<ref name=":122">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Texas Rangers also increased their presence as law enforcement in the region with a new class of Ranger that focused on determining Tejano loyalty.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They were often violent, carrying out retaliatory murders.<ref name=":122" /> They were never held accountable to the law even though charges were brought in the Texas senate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There were two major military training facilities in the Valley in Brownsville and Harlingen during World War II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Post-World War II to present

File:South Texas, Border Patrol Agents, McAllen Horse Patrol Unit (11933914763).jpg

United States Border Patrol officers on horseback near McAllen, Texas

The North American Free Trade Agreement, also known as NAFTA, was established in 1994 as a trade agreement between the three North American countries, The United States, Mexico, and Canada. NAFTA was supposed to increase trade with Mexico as they lowered or eliminated tariffs on Mexican goods.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite thesis</ref> Exports and imports tripled in the region and accounted for a trade surplus of $75 billion.<ref name=":13" /> The Rio Grande Valley benefited from NAFTA in retail, manufacturing, and transportation. Due to the influx of jobs and exportation, many people migrated to the RGV, both documented and undocumented.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Akinloye Akindayomi in Drug violence in Mexico and its impact on the fiscal realities of border cities in Texas: evidence from Rio Grande Valley counties, NAFTA also indirectly aids the rise in immigration and drug smuggling practices between cartels in the region, with cartels profiting with over $80 billion.<ref name=":14" /> The Trump Administration decided to make new accords with Mexico and Canada and replaced NAFTA with the new trade agreement, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Border patrol 140127-A-WH280-544.jpg

Border Patrol vehicle along a portion of the Mexico-United States border wall

After the September 11 attacks, the Customs Border Security Act of 2001 established United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints with some situated at the north end of the Rio Grande Valley. This allows for a second line of defense in the ever increasing subtlety of smuggling.

More recently the organization We Build the Wall has begun construction on a section of the border wall in the Valley. Local residents have expressed concerns about the project including the site's proximity to the National Butterfly Center and the Rio Grande with its potential for seasonal flooding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission has ordered We Build the Wall to stop until they can review whether or not the construction violates a Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary between the United States and Mexico signed in 1970.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Geography

File:RGV map.jpg

This is a bi-national map showing the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

The Rio Grande Valley is not a true valley, but a river delta. "Valley" is often used in the western United States to refer to a large expanse with rivers. Most such valleys, including the Rio Grande, have good agricultural production.<ref name="robison20080127">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Early 20th-century land developers, attempting to capitalize on unclaimed land, utilized the name "Magic Valley" to attract settlers and appeal to investors. The Rio Grande Valley is also called El Valle, the Spanish translation of "the valley", by those who live there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main region is within four Texan counties: Starr County, Hidalgo County, Willacy County, and Cameron County.

Major settlements

The largest city on the American side of the region is Brownsville (Cameron County), followed by McAllen (Hidalgo County). Other major cities include Harlingen, San Benito, Edinburg, Mission, Rio Grande City, Raymondville, Weslaco, Hidalgo and Pharr.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the Mexican side of the border Matamoros, Río Bravo, and Reynosa are major cities in this region.<ref name=":62"/><ref name=":3" />

Demographics

As of 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population of the Rio Grande Valley at 1,368,723. Hidalgo County has the largest population with an estimate of 861,137.<ref name="census1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cameron County has the second-highest population estimated at 422,135. Starr County has the third-largest population estimated at 64,032. Willacy County has the fourth-largest population estimated at 21,419.<ref name="census1"/>

According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2008, 86 percent of Cameron County, 90 percent of Hidalgo County, 97 percent of Starr County, and 86 percent of Willacy County are Hispanic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Colonias

File:Dirt road texas.jpg

A dirt road in a colonia near Edinburg, Texas

The major metropolitan areas in the Rio Grande Valley are surrounded by smaller rural communities called colonias.<ref name=":03">Template:Cite journal</ref> These communities are primarily poor and Hispanic.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite book</ref> The areas often lack basic services like sanitation and sewage, and suffer from flooding.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":03" /> Many of these colonias are mixes of mobile homes and self-constructed houses owned by the residents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Bracero program enacted in the 1940s allowed Mexicans to cross the border and work in the agricultural fields. Most worked in the Rio Grande Valley, and due to a shortage of affordable houses, developers started selling them land in unincorporated areas; these clusters of homes over time became what are now known as colonias.<ref name=":03" /> According to the Housing Assistance Council, a nonprofit organization that tracks rural housing, approximately 1.6 million people live in 1,500 recognized colonias alongside the Mexico–United States border.<ref name=":03" />

Language use

The residents of the Lower Rio Grande Valley are generally bilingual in English and Spanish often mixing into Spanglish depending on demographics and context.<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":32">Template:Cite journal</ref> Government statistics for the region are often underreported due to underlying immigration issues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Spanish language plays an important role in all aspects of life. In 1982 a statistically significant majority of people in the Rio Grande Valley spoke Spanish.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> People speak Spanish to communicate in all aspects of life including business, government, and at home.<ref name=":32" />

citation

CitationClass=web }}</ref>		Cameron County	Hidalgo County	Starr County	Willacy County
Population 5 years and older	384,007	759,143	56,972	20,442
Speaks English only	102,074	119,489	2,072	8,252
Language other than English	281,933	639,654	54,900	12,190
Spanish	278,451	631,638	54,838	12,005
Other Indo-European languages	1,302	2,126	3	155
Asian and Pacific Islander languages	1,511	5,460	53	22
Other languages	669	430	6	8

People often prefer Spanish to English when interacting with government officials as seen in the response to the region's 2018 flooding.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite news</ref>

Religion

The Catholic Church has been present in the Rio Grande Valley since the Spanish colonization of the region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In San Juan, Texas the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle is a major Catholic shrine.

One of the offshoots of the Catholic Church, worship of Santa Muerte, has a small but significant following in the valley. There has been public outcry against followers erecting shrines at their homes and in public places.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, a Santa Muerte statue was involved with a bomb scare in San Benito, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This followed the desecration of a Santa Muerte statue in the San Benito Municipal Cemetery in January of the same year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":5" />

In addition to the Catholic Church, several other Christian denominations are present in the Rio Grande Valley, including several organized Protestant churches in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.<ref name=":02">Grammich, C., Hadaway, K., Houseal, R., Jones, D. E., Krindatch, A., Stanley, R., & Taylor, R. H. (2018, December 11). U.S. Religion Census Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 2010 (County File).</ref> There are also 26 congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with about 17,000 members. Sikh, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, Buddhist and Baháʼí Faith communities thrive in the Rio Grande Valley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Culture

The area is largely bilingual and bicultural, according to Texas Highways; in 2024 nearly 90% of the population identified as Hispanic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mexican cuisine and Tejano cuisine are popular in the area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Green spaghetti or espagueti verde, a Mexican style of spaghetti with roasted poblano cream sauce, is a common celebration dish little known in the United States outside the Rio Grande Valley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The local style of barbecue is barbacoa.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brownsville's Vera's Backyard BBQ is a notable barbacoa restaurant.<ref name=":4" />

Climate

The Lower Rio Grande Valley experiences a warm and fair climate that brings visitors from many surrounding areas.<ref name=":2" /> Temperature extremes range from triple digits during the summer months to freezing during the winter.<ref name=":18">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While the Valley has seen severe cold events before, such as the 2004 Christmas snow storm and 2021 cold snap, the region rarely experiences temperatures at or below freezing, especially by the coast, which transitions into a Tropical climate.<ref name=":18" />

The region's proximity to the Gulf of Mexico makes it a target for hurricanes. Though not impacted as frequently as other areas of the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Valley has experienced major hurricanes in the past. Hurricanes that have made landfall in or near the area include Hurricane Beulah (1967), Hurricane Allen (1980), Hurricane Gilbert, Hurricane Bret, Hurricane Dolly (2008), Hurricane Alex (2010), and Hurricane Hanna (2020). Having an especially flat terrain, the Valley usually experiences the catastrophic effects of tropical cyclones in the form of flooding.<ref name=":17" />

Tourism

The Lower Rio Grande Valley encompasses landmarks that attract tourists. Popular destinations include Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, South Padre Island, Brazos Island, and the Port Isabel Lighthouse.

The Valley is a popular waypoint for tourists visiting northeast Mexico.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Popular destinations across the border and Rio Grande include: Matamoros, Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, and Reynosa, all located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

The region also attracts tourists from the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Mexico, D.F. (México City).

The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas

The ancestral lands of the Rio Grande Valley have been home to historic Native groups, which today include the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas.<ref name="tribe1"/> While not recognized by the government, this tribe and other communities have existed on the lands predating European settlement and the acquisition of Texas from Mexico. The tribe speaks of their existence as a way of life.<ref name="tribe1">Carrizo/Comecrudo Tribe of Texas, 2010–2021, http://carrizocomecrudonation.com/ Template:Webarchive</ref> Today, a working map of Native and Indigenous nations and tribes across Turtle Island and the Northern Americas has been communally constructed on the Native Land webpage.<ref>Native Land Digital, 2024, https://native-land.ca/ Template:Webarchive</ref> The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe is recognized on the Native Land webpage, represented across South Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The visibility and recognition of Native communities like the Carrizo/Comecrudo are paramount and require a constant fight by many Indigenous tribes worldwide, especially when histories of vulnerable groups like Indigenous communities are essentially contested and being attacked legally by state governments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As historian and scholar Ned Blackhawk outlines in "The Centrality of Dispossession: Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism," in World History of Genocide: Volume II, the "mythologies of Indigenous 'disappearance' appear as ahistorical as they are problematic."<ref>Ned Blackhawk, "The Centrality of Dispossession: Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism," World History of Genocide: Volume II, Cambridge University Press, 4 May 2023.</ref> Scholars like Blackhawk work to address the narrative of Native peoples as passively disappeared and of existing solely in the past by amplifying the intentional and strategic projects of dispossession and settler colonialism in their goals to erase, harm, and destabilize a group of people. Therefore, the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe's work to establish their presence and continually advocate for their way of living and place in the Rio Grande Valley is resilient and vital.

The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas has long fought with SpaceX over the environmental protection of their lands. Elon Musk established Starbase, one of the engineering hubs, in Boca Chica Beach, a coastal beach of the Rio Grande Valley.<ref>Veronica Salinas, "Environmental organizations reach out to FAA regarding SpaceX's impact on wildlife," Valley Central, Nexstar Media Inc, 23 July 2024, https://www.valleycentral.com/spacex/spacex-laying-roots-in-south-texas-decade-since-breaking-ground-at-boca-chica/amp/ Template:Webarchive</ref> Alongside the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas, local RGV environmental organizations have opposed SpaceXs business and activities at Boca Chica, citing the tribe's claims to land and destruction to the local terrain and natural life.<ref name="spacex1">Steve Taylor, "Valley groups send letter to FAA in protest at SpaceX's activity at Boca Chica," Rio Grande Guardian, Indiegraf Media, 5 August 2024, https://riograndeguardian.com/valley-groups-send-letter-to-faa-in-protest-at-spacexs-activity-at-boca-chica/ Template:Webarchive</ref>

On August 5, 2024, a group of local organizations including the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe wrote a letter to the Federal Aviation Administration raising concerns about SpaceX operations in Boca Chica Beach and requesting a meeting to discuss the FAA's process of incorporating community voice into the conversation.<ref name="spacex1"/> The group includes a range of environmental organizations across the Rio Grande Valley, including the South Texas Environmental Justice Network, the South Texas Human Rights Center, TRUCHA, Voces Unidas, and Texas Rising RGV. The letter highlights the identities of Rio Grande Valley community members that are most often overlooked, including Indigenous voices. Now, there are large concerns regarding Elon Musk's intentions to relocate the headquarters of SpaceX to the Starbase site in Boca Chica Beach.<ref>Veronica Salinas, "Environmental organizations reach out to FAA regarding SpaceX's impact on wildlife", Valley Central, Nexstar Media Inc, 23 July 2024, https://www.valleycentral.com/spacex/spacex-laying-roots-in-south-texas-decade-since-breaking-ground-at-boca-chica/amp/</ref>

Places of historical interest

File:Chimney park sunset.jpeg

The First Lift Station in Mission, Texas once provided water for irrigating the crops of the early Rio Grande Valley.

• Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle
• First Lift Station
• Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge
• Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
• Hugh Ramsey Nature Park
• Los Ebanos Ferry, last hand-operated ferry on the Rio Grande
• La Lomita Historic District
• Fort Brown
• Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site
• Resaca de la Palma
• Rancho de Carricitos<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• USMC War Memorial original plaster working model, located on the campus of the Marine Military Academy in Harlingen
• Museum of South Texas History, originally the County Court House and Jail, built in the late 19th century
• Battle of Palmito Ranch, location of the last battle of the Civil War
• Brownsville Raid
• Battle of Resaca de la Palma

Economy

The Valley is historically reliant on agribusiness and tourism. Cotton, grapefruit, sorghum, maize, and sugarcane are its leading crops, and the region is the center of citrus production and the most important area of vegetable production in the State of Texas. Over the last several decades, the emergence of maquiladoras (factories or fabrication plants) has caused a surge of industrial development along the border, while international bridges have allowed Mexican nationals to shop, sell, and do business in the border cities along the Rio Grande. The geographic inclusion of South Padre Island also drives tourism, particularly during the Spring Break season, as its subtropical climate keeps temperatures warm year-round.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the winter months, many retirees (commonly referred to as "Winter Texans") arrive to enjoy the warm weather,<ref name=":2" /> access to pharmaceuticals and healthcare in Mexican border crossings such as Nuevo Progreso.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a substantial health-care industry with major hospitals and many clinics and private practices in Brownsville, Harlingen, and McAllen.

File:Box of oranges.jpg

Box of Oranges, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (postcard, c. 1912–1924)

Texas is the third largest producer of citrus fruit in the United States, the majority of which is grown in the Rio Grande Valley. Grapefruit make up over 70% of the Valley citrus crop, which also includes orange, tangerine, tangelo and Meyer lemon production each Winter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

One minor professional sports team plays in the Rio Grande Valley: The Rio Grande Valley Vipers (basketball). Defunct teams that previously played in the region include: the Edinburg Roadrunners (baseball), La Fiera FC (indoor soccer), Rio Grande Valley Ocelots FC (soccer), Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings (baseball), Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees (ice hockey), Rio Grande Valley Sol (indoor football) and the Rio Grande Valley FC Toros (soccer)

One of the Valley's major tourist attractions is the semi-tropical wildlife. Birds and butterflies attract a large number of visitors every year all throughout the entire region. Ecotourism is a major economic force in the Rio Grande Valley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Transportation

The Rio Grande Valley is served by three commercial airports: Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport in Brownsville, Texas, Valley International Airport in Harlingen, Texas, and McAllen Miller International Airport in McAllen, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> American Airlines<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and United Airlines<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> provide service to all three airports, with Avelo Air also providing service to Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Allegiant Air also providing service to McAllen Miller International Airport,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Southwest Airlines, Sun Country Airlines and Delta Air Lines also providing service to Valley International Airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There are several bus lines that run through the United States side of the Lower Rio Grande Valley including Metro Connect (McAllen), McAllen Paratransit, McAllen Metro Services, Brownsville Metro/ADA Paratransit Service Island Metro (South Padre Island), and Greyhound Lines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the Mexican side of the border there are several bus companies that run including Greyhound, Tornado, Ave Senda Ejecutiva, Enlaces Terrestres Nacionales, Futua, Noreste, Omnibus de Oriente, Transpais, Transportes del Norte, Transportes Frontera, and Turistar Lujo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

File:Puente Viejo Matamoros.jpg

The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge

The Interstate Highway System in the United States is well developed in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and connects Brownsville, Hidalgo, McAllen, Raymondville, Edinburg, Pharr, and Laredo.Template:Citation needed On the Mexican side, there are several major highways between Matamoros, Reynosa, and Nuevo Laredo. Template:As of car travel on the Mexican side was considered dangerous and the Mexican Federal Police offered a police escort between Ciudad Victoria, Matamoros, and Reynosa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Freight trains run between Harlingen, Mission, Edinburg, and Santa Rosa connecting to the Union Pacific Railroad. In Mexico, Kansas City Southern de México runs freight service and crosses from Matamoros into Brownsville over the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sea trade runs through the deepwater seaport, the Port of Brownsville and the Foreign Trade Zone 62.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, the Port also features an export terminal for liquid natural gas under construction, Rio Grande LNG, with a competing LNG export terminal, the Texas LNG project, planned to commence construction in the near future.

File:SpaceX Starship SN8 launch as viewed from South Padre Island (cropped).jpg

Starship SN8 launching from SpaceX South Texas launch site

SpaceX South Texas launch site is located near Brownsville.

Politics

Presidential election results

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third parties
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|2024	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|51.8% 184,094	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|47.3% 168,310	0.9% 3,164
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2020	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|42.0% 150,247	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|57.1% 204,493	0.9% 3,392
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2016	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|29.0% 81,885	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|67.6% 190,922	3.4% 9,544
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2012	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|29.6% 68,927	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|69.3% 161,804	1.0% 4,433
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2008	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|31.2% 69,287	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|67.8% 150,424	1.0% 2,033
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2004	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|45.8% 90,493	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|53.8% 106,300	0.4% 789
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|2000	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|39.5% 69,801	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|59.1% 104,327	1.4% 2,505
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1996	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|29.2% 44,959	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|65.8% 101,327	5.0% 7,605
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1992	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|30.7% 49,798	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|56.6% 91,667	12.7% 20,523
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1988	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|37.0% 56,479	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|62.5% 95,425	0.5% 671
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1984	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|46.5% 68,602	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|53.2% 78,625	0.3% 435
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1980	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|42.9% 51,233	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|54.9% 65,571	2.1% 2,559
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1976	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|35.3% 37,853	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|64.0% 68,661	0.7% 772
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|1972	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|56.8% 48,442	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|42.7% 36,410	0.1% 390
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1968	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|38.1% 28,831	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|55.1% 41,665	6.8% 5,147
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1964	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|34.1% 23,002	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|65.7% 44,374	0.2% 169
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1960	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|40.4% 25,465	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|59.0% 37,239	0.6% 360
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|1956	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|54.2% 27,425	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|44.7% 22,621	1.0% 525
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|1952	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|60.2% 32,185	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|39.6% 21,189	0.2% 79
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1948	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|36.8% 11,764	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|60.8% 19,439	2.5% 786
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1944	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|37.5% 10,211	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|56.6% 15,406	5.9% 1,595
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1940	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|36.4% 9,065	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|63.4% 15,789	0.3% 63
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1936	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|26.1% 5,818	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|71.7% 15,960	2.2% 498
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1932	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|20.9% 5,045	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|78.0% 18,837	1.1% 275
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1928	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|49.7% 8,368	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|50.1% 8,897	0.2% 27
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1924	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|24.6% 2,395	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|71.3% 6,950	4.2% 407
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1920	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|38.0% 2,115	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|60.9% 3,382	1.1% 59
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1916	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|19.5% 805	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|78.8% 3,250	1.7% 69
style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|1912	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Republican|9.17% 445	style="text-align:center;" Template:Party shading/Democratic|85.0% 4,125	5.8% 283

The region is represented by Ted Cruz and John Cornyn in the United States Senate and by Monica De La Cruz, Vicente Gonzalez, and Henry Cuellar in the United States House of Representatives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the twenty-first century, the dominance of agribusiness has caused political issues, as jurisdictional disputes regarding water rights have caused tension between farmers on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Scholars, including Mexican political scientist Armand Peschard-Sverdrup, have argued that this tension has created the need for a re-developed strategic transnational water management.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some have declared the disputes tantamount to a "war" over diminishing natural resources.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Climatologists believe water scarcity in the Valley will only increase as climate change alters the precipitation patterns of the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Lower Rio Grande Valley has historically been one of the most strongly Democratic regions in the country, having only briefly voted Republican during the 1950s Eisenhower years and the 1972 landslide election of Republican Richard Nixon. Continued Democratic dominance would depend on maintaining the loyalty of Latino voters, who make up 91.5% of the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Recently, the GOP has made large inroads, causing loyalties to shift. Latino men, particularly young men, rural Latinos, the growing number of Latino evangelical Protestants, devout Catholics, socially conservative, pro-life voters, and working class-blue collar voters without a college degree have begun to join highly educated, urban Latino and white voters in supporting the Republican Party at majority levels.

Culturally, the state GOP successfully galvanized the majority Latino region against Democrats on several hot-button social issues, namely gender identity and transgender-related concerns. The Lower Rio Grande Valley, like Texas itself, is socially conservative. Over 60% of voters outright reject a variety of transgender rights.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> GOP Spanish ads denigrating pronouns, denouncing gender-theory curriculum, opposing gender-affirming care for minors, and "protecting girls' sports and locker rooms" by banning transgender athletes in sports flooded the campaign trail. These sentiments are now influencing local races in the region and across Texas, signaling a new source of Republican strength.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Economically, the GOP emphasized strong support for the state's oil and gas industry, which is 33% Latino.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other ideas communicated through the campaign trail were lowering taxes and supporting entrepreneurs and small business owners within the Latino community who signaled they trusted Trump to manage the economy over the Democrats. Pundits also noted the Trump campaign was able to build much-needed trust in the Latino community for Trump's immigration plans, often criticizing illegal immigration and asylum-seekers, which polls showed Latinos began to believe his rhetoric was about "other people" not "me."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2016, Donald Trump won only 29 percent of the region's vote, an 80-year low for Republicans. However, shocking pundits in 2020, he significantly strengthened the Republican vote in the Rio Grande Valley, reducing Democrats' winning margins from 38.6 in 2016 to 15.1 in 2020 and then outright winning the region in 2024 by 4.4 points, ultimately a 43-point shift from 8 years prior.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cruz on the same ballot lost the region by 5 points, a significant improvement from losing 2–1 in 2018.

Education

Historically, education has posed significant challenges to schools in the region. Schools in the early 1920s through the 1940s were racially segregated in the Rio Grande Valley. In 1940 a study showed the need for improvement in cultural differentiation of instruction.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Texas Supreme Court in Del Rio ISD v. Salvatierra reinforced the racial segregation.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Bilingual Education Act, helping students whose second language was English. The Act gave financial assistance to local schools to create bilingual programs, enabling Mexican students to integrate white schools.<ref name=":22" /> The area, like many others, had a hard time integrating.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Texas still has the bilingual program, while states like California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, have removed the bill and passed similar propositions stating that students would only be taught in English.<ref name=":22" /> The bilingual program in the Rio Grande Valley is still in effect, especially with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals students in the area.<ref name=":22" />

Colleges and universities located in the Rio Grande Valley include:

• Texas A&M Health Science Center, School of Public Health – McAllen
• Texas A&M University Higher Education Center at McAllen<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• University of Texas Rio Grande Valley – entered into full operation in 2015 with the merger of the University of Texas at Brownsville and the University of Texas–Pan American
• University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine
• Texas Southmost College
• Texas State Technical College
• South Texas College
• University of Texas Health Science Center – Regional Academic Health Center<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sports

Club	Sport	League	Venue	Capacity
Rio Grande Valley Vipers	Basketball	NBA G League	Bert Ogden Arena	9,000
RGV Barracudas FC	Indoor Soccer	MASL	Payne Arena	6,800
UTRGV Basketball Men	NCAA Division I Basketball	WAC	UTRGV Fieldhouse	2,500
Rio Grande Valley Dorados	Arena Football	afa	Traveling Team

Defunct

Club	Sport	League
Rio Grande Valley Dorados	Arena football	af2 (2004–09)
Rio Grande Valley Magic	Arena football	SIFL (2011) LSFL (2012)
Rio Grande Valley Sol	Arena football	LSFL (2014) XLIF (2015)
Hidalgo La Fiera	Arena soccer	MASL (2012–14)
Edinburg Roadrunners	Baseball	Texas–Louisiana League (2001) Central Baseball League (2002–05) United League Baseball (2006–10) North American League (2011–12)
Rio Grande Valley Giants	Baseball	Texas League (1960–61)
Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings	Baseball	Texas–Louisiana League (1994–2001) Central Baseball League (2002–03) United League Baseball (2006–10) North American League (2011–12)
Texas Thunder	Baseball	United League Baseball (2009–10) North American League (2011–12) United League Baseball (2013)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees	Ice hockey	CHL (2003–12)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees	Ice hockey	NAHL (2013–15)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees	Ice hockey	USA Central Hockey League (2018)
Rio Grande Valley Bravos FC	Soccer	PDL (2008–2010)
Rio Grande Valley FC Toros	Soccer	USLC (2015–2023)

Hospitals

• Cornerstone Regional Hospital, Edinburg, Texas
• Edinburg Children's Hospital, Edinburg, Texas
• Edinburg Regional Medical Center, Edinburg, Texas
• Driscoll Children's Hospital Rio Grande Valley
• Doctors Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas
• Harlingen Medical Center, Harlingen, Texas
• McAllen Heart Hospital, McAllen, Texas
• McAllen Medical Center, McAllen, Texas
• Rio Grande Regional Hospital, McAllen, Texas
• Rio Grande State Hospital, Harlingen, Texas
• Solara Hospital, Harlingen, Texas
• VA Health Care Center at Harlingen. Harlingen, Texas
• Valley Baptist Medical Center, Harlingen, Texas
• Valley Baptist Medical Center, Brownsville, Texas
• Valley Regional Medical Center, Brownsville, Texas
• Knapp Medical Center, Weslaco, Texas
• Mission Regional Medical Center, Mission, Texas

Media

Magazines

• The Go Guide (published by Above Group Advertising Agency)
• Rio Grande Magazine
• Viva el Valle
• RGV Drives Magazine (published by MAT Media Solutions)
• RGVision Magazine (published by RGVision Media)

Newspapers

• Valley Town Crier – owned by Gatehouse Media
• The Edinburg Review – owned by Gatehouse Media
• Valley Bargain Book – owned by Gatehouse Media
• El Periódico USA
• El Nuevo Heraldo – owned by AIM Media Texas
• Mega Doctor News
• Texas Border Business
• The Brownsville Herald – owned by AIM Media Texas
• The Island Breeze – owned by AIM Media Texas
• The Monitor – owned by AIM Media Texas
• Valley Morning Star – owned by AIM Media Texas
• Valleywood Magazine – owned by Valleywood Publications
• The Donna News – owned by Valleywood Publications
• Weslaco World – owned by Valleywood Publications
• La Feria Journal – owned by Valleywood Publications
• South Padre Island Post – owned by Valleywood Publications
• Edinburg Daily Review – owned by Valleywood Publications
• The Alamo News – owned by Valleywood Publications
• Pharr Press – owned by Valleywood Publications
• Harlingen Times – owned by Valleywood Publications
• Progreso Gazette – owned by Valleywood Publications

Television

• KGBT-TV/DT channel 4, Antenna TV/MyNetworkTV Affiliate
• KRGV-TV/DT Channel 5 News, ABC Affiliate
• KVEO-TV/DT NBC 23/CBS 4 (DT-2), NBC/CBS Affiliate
• KCWT-CD 21, The CW Affiliate with PBS on DT4
• KTFV-CD 32, UniMás Affiliate
• KFXV TV/DT 60, FOX Affiliate
• KLUJ-TV/DT 44, TBN Affiliate
• KTLM-TV/DT 40, Telemundo Affiliate
• KNVO TV/DT 48, Univision Affiliate
• KMBH-LD 67, Fox 2 News, Fox Affiliate
• XERV-TDT 9.1 / XHTAM-TDT 2.1 Las Estrellas, Televisa
• XHAB-TDT 8.1 Televisa Tamaulipas, Televisa
• XHOR-TDT 7.1 Azteca 7, TV Azteca
• XHREY-TDT / XHMTA-TDT 1.1 Azteca Uno, TV Azteca
• XHVTV-TDT 6.1 Canal 6, Multimedios
• XHCTRM-TDT 3.1 Imagen Televisión, Grupo Imagen

Radio

Template:Div col

• KBFM Wild 104 (Hip Hop/Top 40 – IHeart Media)
• XEEW-FM Los 40 Principales 97.7 (Top 40 Spanish/English)
• KBTQ 96.1 Exitos (Spanish Oldies) Univision
• KBUC Super Tejano 102.1 (Tejano)
• KCAS 91.5 FM (Christian, Teaching/Preaching/Music)
• KESO 92.7 KESO (Classic Hits)
• KFRQ Q94.5 The Rock (Classic Rock) (All Rock All The Time)
• KGBT-FM 98.5 FM (Regional Mexican) Univision
• KHKZ Kiss FM 105.5 & 106.3 (Hot Adult Contemporary)
• KIRT 1580 AM Radio Imagen (Variety, Spanish contemporary)
• KIWW (Spanish)
• KJAV Ultra 104.9 Sonamos Differente (Spanish AC & English HAC) (AC)
• KKPS Fuego 99.5 (Spanish Hot AC (International hits)
• KJJF/KHID 88.9/88.1 Religious (Relevant Radio)
• KNVO-FM La Suavecita 101.1 (Spanish Hits)
• KQXX Kiss FM 105.5 & 106.3 (Hot Adult Contemporary, simulcast of KHKZ – IHeart Media)
• KTEX 100.3 (Mainstream Country – IHeart Media)
• KURV 710 AM Heritage Talk Radio (part of the BMP family of stations)
• KVLY 107.9 RGV FM (AC) (More Hits, More Variety)
• KVMV 96.9 FM (Christian, Contemporary Music) World Radio Network
• KVNS 1700AM (Fox Sports Radio – IHeart Media)
• KYWW 1530 La Tremenda (Univision)
• XHRYA-FM 90.9 Mas Music (Spanish/English Mix)

Notable people

Notable people who were born, lived, or died in the Rio Grande Valley include:

• David V. Aguilar (Chief Border Patrol Agent, United States Border Patrol)
• Cristela Alonzo (comedian, actress, writer, producer from San Juan, Texas)
• Micaela Alvarez (federal judge)
• Abraham Ancer (professional golfer, Olympian)
• Natalia Anciso (contemporary artist)
• Gloria E. Anzaldúa (writer, poet, philosopher)
• Ramón Ayala (singer)
• Cathy Baker (television performer)
• Edgar Barrera (songwriter, producer, Grammy Award Winner; McAllen, Texas)
• Lloyd Bentsen (U.S. Secretary of the Treasury; U.S. Senator; 1988 vice-presidential candidate)
• James Carlos Blake (novelist)
• Harlon Block (Iwo Jima flag raiser)
• William S. Burroughs (writer; his time as a farmer in the Valley in Pharr, Texas, is briefly chronicled in his books Junky and Queer)
• Pedro Cano (Medal of Honor recipient)
• Rolando Cantú (football player)
• Raúl Castillo (actor)
• Chuck Charnichart, restaurateur
• Thomas Haden Church (actor)
• Maria D'Luz (singer, songwriter, pianist, recording artist, musician)
• Monica De La Cruz (first Republican woman to represent Texas's 15th congressional district from Brownsville, Texas)
• Kika de la Garza (U.S. Representative)
• Freddy Fender (actor, musician, lyricist)
• Mike Fossum (astronaut)
• Grupo Frontera (regional Mexican band from Edinburg, Texas)
• Reynaldo Guerra Garza (United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit judge)
• Roberto Garza (football player)
• Tony Garza (U.S. Ambassador to Mexico)
• Xavier Garza (author and illustrator)
• Alfredo C. Gonzalez (Medal of Honor recipient, U.S. Marine veteran)
• Matt Gonzalez (2008 vice-presidential candidate; former president of the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco, California)
• Raquel Gonzalez (wrestler)
• Bill Haley (musician)
• Catherine Hardwicke (writer, film director-producer)
• Rolando Hinojosa (author)
• Rubén Hinojosa (U.S. Representative)
• Esteban Jordan (accordionist)
• Kris Kristofferson (musician, actor, songwriter)
• Bobby Lackey (college football player; Weslaco, Texas)
• Tom Landry (American football coach, Mission, Texas)
• José M. López (Medal of Honor recipient)
• Domingo Martinez (author)
• Eduardo Martinez (Historian, Journalist)
• Narciso Martínez ("father of conjunto music" from La Paloma, Texas)
• Rachel McLish (Ms. Olympia; actress)
• Roy Mitchell-Cárdenas (musician)
• Jack Morava (mathematician)
• Bobby Morrow (Olympic gold medalist)
• Elon Musk (founder and CEO of SpaceX, moved into a $50,000 rental home in Boca Chica)
• Billy Gene Pemelton (1964 Olympian)
• Bobby Pulido (singer, songwriter, guitarist, and actor from Edinburg, Texas)
• Major Samuel Ringgold (father of modern artillery)
• Charles M. Robinson III (author)
• Valente Rodriguez (actor)
• Ricardo Sanchez (U.S. Army lieutenant general; ground forces commander in Iraq)
• Julian Schnabel (filmmaker)
• Siggno (American norteño/tejano band formed in Santa Rosa, Texas)
• Adela Sloss Vento
• Merced Solis, aka Tito Santana (wrestler)
• Nick Stahl (actor)
• Emeraude Toubia (actress)
• Filemon Bartolome Vela (federal judge)
• Eric Miles Williamson (novelist, literary critic, professor)

See also

• Template:C

External links

• Texas State Historical Association – Lower Rio Grande Valley
• Rio Grande Valley Partnership: Valley Chamber
• Rio Grande Valley Sports Information Center
• South Padre Island Turtle Cam
• Rgvattractions.com: Attractions in the Rio Grande Valley
• Rio Grande Valley Community Foundation
• RGVPride.com
• Los Ebanos, TX
• Wintertexaninfo.com: The Winter Texan Connection
• KERA documentary about agricultural workers, "A Thirst in the Garden," The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting