Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar

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Template:Flag 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment (Colonel, May 1862)American Civil War

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825Template:Spaced ndashJanuary 23, 1893) was a Confederate soldier, American politician, diplomat, and jurist. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in both houses of Congress, served as the United States Secretary of the Interior, and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He also served as an official in the Confederate States of America.

Born and educated in Georgia, he moved to Oxford, Mississippi, to establish a legal practice. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1856 and served until January 1861, when he helped draft Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession. He helped raise the 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and worked on the staff of his wife's cousin, General James Longstreet. In 1862, Confederate president Jefferson Davis appointed Lamar to the position of Special Confederate Commissioner to Russia. Following the Civil War, Lamar taught at the University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several state constitutional conventions.

Lamar returned to the United States House of Representatives in 1873, becoming the first Mississippi Democrat elected to the House since the end of the Civil War. He remained in the House until 1877, and represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885. He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights for African Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1885, he accepted appointment as Grover Cleveland's Secretary of the Interior. In 1888, the Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination to the Supreme Court, making Lamar the first Southerner appointed to the court since the Civil War. He remained on the court until his death in 1893.

Family and educationEdit

Lamar was born on September 17, 1825<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> in Putnam County, Georgia, near Eatonton, at the family's Template:Convert plantation home known as "Fairfield".Template:Sfn<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> His parents were Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar and Sarah Bird; he had five siblings.<ref name=":1" /> His paternal grandparents were first cousins. The elder Lamar, a lawyer and state judge in Georgia, suffered from depression and committed suicide when Lamar was nine years old.Template:Sfn Contemporary accounts explained the suicide as resulting from either insanity or severe dyspepsia.Template:Sfn Several members of Lamar's family reached prominence in various levels of government. His uncle, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, participated in the Texas Revolution and served as the second president of the Republic of Texas.Template:Sfn He was a cousin to Associate Justices of the Supreme Court Joseph Rucker Lamar<ref name=":02" /> and John A. Campbell<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> and was related to U.S. Representatives Absalom Harris Chappell<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and William Bailey Lamar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lamar was briefly educated in the Milledgeville school system before being enrolled at the Manual Labor School in Covington, Georgia, from 1837 to 1840. The school consolidated with Emory College (now known as Emory University) located in nearby Oxford, Georgia, in 1840, leading to Lamar's mother and one of his uncles moving to the town.Template:Sfn Lamar was an average student, faring well in subjects he enjoyed and poorly in those he did not. Beyond his studies, he participated in campus debating activities, where he gained experience in public speaking and knowledge of important issues of the time such as slavery.Template:Sfn He completed his studies in 1845.Template:Sfn

At Emory, Lamar began a relationship with Virginia Longstreet, the daughter of Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, president of the college. The couple married in July 1847,Template:Sfn and they had four children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.<ref name=":1" /> On December 29, 1884, Virginia died from lung disease that had plagued her since 1880.Template:Sfn They were married in the President's House at Emory College in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at Oxford College of Emory University.

Early careerEdit

Georgia lawyer and politicianEdit

In 1845, a few months before his twentieth birthday, Lamar moved to Macon, Georgia, where he studied law in his uncle's office for two years. He was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1847 in Vienna.Template:Sfn Afterwards, Lamar moved back to Covington, where he set up his own legal practice.Template:Sfn Using family connections associated with the Longstreet name, Lamar took his first steps into politics when Newton County sent him as a delegate to the state Democratic convention in Milledgeville in 1847 and 1849. When that convention discussed the Wilmot Proviso, Lamar embraced a staunch proslavery position that he never changed throughout the antebellum period.Template:Sfn Template:Efn

Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politicianEdit

Lamar moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849 after A.B. Longstreet became president of the University of Mississippi.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In June 1850, Lamar received a license to practice law in Mississippi, and in July, he became the university's assistant professor of mathematics.Template:Sfn In the November, 1850 federal census, Lamar owned 14 slaves near Oxford (almost all women and girls)<ref>Two 28-year old as well as 24 and 16 year old Black women, girls aged 16, 15, 12, 11, 9, 7, 6, 4 and 2, and 6 and 4-year-old boys in 1850 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.68 of 68, available on ancestry.com</ref> compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).<ref>51, 35, 30, 25 Black men and a e10 year old boy, as well as 53, 53, 50, 30 and 25 year old Black women in 1850 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.68 of 68, available on ancestry.com</ref> A decade later, after his brief return to Georgia described below, Lamar owned 31 slaves in Lafayette County, Mississippi, of whom 14 were female and 17 male, including 9 boys and 4 girls under 10.<ref>1860 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.70 of 98, available on ancestry.com</ref>

Lamar's political career in Mississippi began in May 1850, when he addressed a Lafayette County convention on the topic of slavery.Template:Sfn In March 1851, he helped organize a local branch of the Southern Rights Party in Oxford and soon became its delegate to the statewide party convention in Jackson.Template:Sfn Lamar campaigned on behalf of party candidate Jefferson Davis for governor and was the party's spokesman in a debate in Oxford with Unionist opponent Henry Foote.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Despite Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis by 999 votes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Return to Georgia as lawyer and legislatorEdit

Homesick and dissatisfied as a politician, in the summer of 1852, Lamar returned to Covington and entered into a legal partnership with a friend.Template:Sfn Lamar reentered politics in Georgia by winning a seat in the Georgia House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party in Newton County, which had typically favored Whig candidates.Template:Sfn Lamar became chairman of the Committee on the State of the Republic and also served on the Agriculture and Internal Improvements, Judiciary, and Public Printing committees, as well as on two special committees.Template:Sfn Throughout the 1853–1854 term, he focused on issues dealing with the Western and Atlantic Railroad, party politics and slavery.Template:Sfn

In February 1854, after the legislative term ended, Lamar moved to Macon to open a law office. With support from former congressman A. H. Chappell, Lamar sought the Democratic nomination in 1855 for Georgia's 3rd congressional district but failed to gather enough votes at the convention to become his party's candidate.Template:Sfn

Return to Mississippi and Congressman (1857–1860)Edit

After losing that Georgia congressional campaign, and facing financial troubles as well as family responsibilities, Lamar left Georgia for the final time and returned to Lafayette County, Mississippi.Template:Sfn Along the Tallahatchie River north of Abbeville, Lamar established his Template:Convert "Solitude" cotton plantation that by 1857 had 26 slaves, though the plantation was never fully developed.Template:Sfn Lamar also practiced law in nearby Holly Springs with two local prominent lawyers, C. M. Mott and James L. Autrey.Template:Sfn

File:L. Q. C. Lamar portrait. (9708523191).jpg

Portrait of L.Q.C. Lamar (c. 1850–1860)

In 1857, Democratic Congressman Daniel Wright decided not to seek reelection in Mississippi's 1st congressional district. The Memphis Daily Appeal suggested Lamar as a possible candidate under the Democratic ticket, though he faced difficulties due to his prior support of Howell Cobb, a leader of the Union movement. Nevertheless, at this convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats made Lamar their candidate, and Lamar credited his old friend Jacob Thompson for the win.Template:Sfn Lamar campaigned against Whig opponent, James Lusk Alcorn by stressing his strong support of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and won by a comfortable margin, then two years later faced no opponent and thus easily won reelection.Template:Sfn

Lamar's antebellum congressional career primarily focused on sectionalist issues, especially protecting Southern interests in slavery. Lamar supported the proslavery Lecompton Constitution in Kansas without popular ratification, which was the subject of a debate on the House floor on the morning of February 6, 1858.Template:Sfn When a South Carolina congressman attacked a Pennsylvania Republican congressman, a brawl ensued,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregational minister) Owen Lovejoy, who had become a prominent abolitionist after a pro-slavery mob killed his brother.Template:Sfn Lamar supported the compromise English Bill created by southerners and President Buchanan.Template:Sfn Lamar again defended slavery as an institution verbally in an 1860 speech, during which he argued that not everyone is equal.Template:Sfn While Lamar never directly advocated for secession, he mentioned it as possible if the South lost the ability to check the majority abolitionist opinion in the government.Template:Sfn

After the victory of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln in the November 1860 presidential election was clear, Lamar left Washington on December 12, 1860, to canvass for a seat in the upcoming Mississippi secession convention.Template:Sfn On January 12, 1861, Lamar resigned from Congress, as did all other members of the Mississippi delegation.Template:Sfn<ref>1861 Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 2nd session, Page 345</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SecessionEdit

File:The seceding Mississippi delegation in Congress (Boston Public Library).jpg

A page from Harper's Weekly showing the seceding Mississippi Delegation; Lamar is bottom-left.

Lamar travelled to Charleston to participate in the 1860 Democratic Convention as an emissary for Jefferson Davis's message to focus on defeating northern Democrat Stephen Douglas instead of withdrawing from the convention; however, this appeal had little effect on the Mississippi delegation who had already left the convention hall. He later spoke to a large group of southern sympathizers, denouncing Douglas and stating that the Democratic party had irremediably split.Template:Sfn He worked with Davis to convince Mississippi's delegates to attend the reconvened national convention in Baltimore. The Mississippi delegates attended, though would later withdraw with other southern delegates because of discontent with the northern Democrat's moderate position on slavery; the southern Democrats would instead nominate John C. Breckinridge for the presidency at their own convention. Following the conventions, Lamar accepted a professorship of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Mississippi and planned to retire from Congress at the session's end.Template:Sfn

With the victory of Abraham Lincoln, Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus convened the state's congressional delegation to recommend a policy on secession. While Lamar and Senators Davis and Albert G. Brown favored a moderate approach, urging cooperative secession with other southern states, they were outvoted by the other congressional members; Lamar and the others joined the resolution to make it unanimous.Template:Sfn A day after the governor's conference, he proposed a plan for the creation of a confederacy at a mass meeting in Brandon, Mississippi, though it attracted little support by other southern leaders.Template:Sfn

On January 7, 1861, Mississippi's secession convention organized, and Lamar was sent as a delegate from Lafayette County.Template:Sfn Lamar swiftly moved to establish a committee to prepare an Ordinance of Secession, and by the next day, he was appointed chairman of it. On January 9, the committee presented the Mississippi Secession Ordinance which Lamar had authored prior to the convention;Template:Sfn by a vote of 70 to 29, the document passed.Template:Sfn On January 10, Lamar was appointed to the Committee on Southern Confederacy, where he introduced resolutions sympathetic to South Carolina's secession and to accept an initiation to meet with other seceding states to form a confederacy. Lamar also worked on a committee to draft a declaration of causes.Template:Sfn When the convention reconvened on March 29, 1861, he voted to pass the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States.Template:Sfn

Role in the ConfederacyEdit

File:L.Q.C. Lamar 1861.png

Portrait of Lamar in 1861 when he was a professor at the University of Mississippi

During the months preceding the Civil War, he continued teaching students at the University of Mississippi, though by June 1861, the university suspended operations because of too few students. Lamar entered active service as a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate army, where he and his law partner C. H. Mott organized the 19th Mississippi Regiment of volunteers in Oxford. The regiment registered to the Confederate War Department on May 14, 1861, and subsequently left for Richmond. Mott was commissioned as a colonel with Lamar as a lieutenant colonel.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn While in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address to an event headed by Jefferson Davis, where he proclaimed:

"This very night I look forward to the day when this beloved country of ours— for, thank God! we have a country at last— will be a country to live for, to pray for, to fight for, and if necessary, to die for."Template:Sfn

File:LQC Lamar, Confederate Soldier.jpg

Lamar in 1862 while in the Confederate Army

Before his regiment moved to the front, Lamar suffered vertigo, forcing him to return to Oxford to recover in mid-July 1861.Template:Sfn He returned to Richmond in November, and once there he acted as an adviser for Davis, in which he assisted him with an attempt to mend relations with General Joseph Johnston.Template:Sfn His unit participated in the Battle of Williamsburg, where Mott was killed in action. Lamar assumed control of the regiment and was praised for his leadership.Template:Sfn While preparing for another engagement, Lamar suffered a violent seizure, forcing him to quit combat and head to Richmond to recover. At the same time, Lamar was facing personal issues with his younger brother and his cousin dying in combat. Seeking spiritual help, he joined the Methodist Church in July.Template:Sfn

Following improvements to his health, on November 19, 1862, he returned to service, with Davis appointing him as a diplomat to the Russian Imperial Government.Template:Sfn He reached Europe on March 1, 1863,Template:Sfn though he was eventually given advice by Emperor Napoleon III that a mission to Russia would be fruitless. Lamar assisted other confederate officials in France and England,Template:Sfn though he failed to convince audiences in either country to recognize the Confederacy.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> He received a letter from the Secretary of State Judah Benjamin that the Confederate Senate had refused to confirm him as commissioner to Russia.Template:Sfn Template:Efn After receiving the letter, Lamar spent several more months in Europe before leaving on November 1, 1863, from Liverpool. He arrived in Richmond in early January 1864.Template:Sfn With his return home, Lamar spent much of the last year of the war giving speeches on Davis' behalf.Template:Sfn

On December 3, 1864, he was commissioned as a colonel in the Confederate Army with duty as a judge advocate in Richmond. He acted as an aide to General James Longstreet at the time of the Confederacy's surrender in 1865. He was paroled and released after his surrender.Template:Sfn

Post-war periodEdit

File:L. Q. C. Lamar House, 616 North Fourteenth Street, Oxford (Lafayette County, Mississippi) - (cropped).jpg

L.Q.C. Lamar House, built between 1869 and 1870 in Oxford, Mississippi, by Lamar

After the war, Lamar returned to Oxford to reunite with his family. The war had claimed two brothers and both of his law partners.Template:Sfn Lamar's plantation had suffered damage and had its slaves freed; the land was also returned to his father-in-law as he could not maintain payments during the war.Template:Sfn Lamar entered into a law partnership with his friend Edward C. Walthall in the Coffeeville hamlet. The successful practice was dissolved following health troubles, leading Lamar to accept a less-demanding professorship position at the University of Mississippi for the fall term of 1866.Template:Sfn He taught ethics and metaphysics initially, though by 1867, he was the chair of the law department.Template:Sfn He became a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity in 1865 and was among the first initiates in that fraternity's chapter at the University of Mississippi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He became a director of the Mississippi Central Railroad Company in 1867 and entered into a law partnership with E. D. Clark in Oxford in the fall of 1868.Template:Sfn From 1868 to 1872, he provided legal services for the railroad company, but by 1877, he had lost his stake when it was absorbed by the Illinois Central Railroad.Template:Sfn In 1870, he resigned from his professorship, fearing radicalization of the university and the possibility of admitting Black students after a new governing board was installed.Template:Sfn

Lamar had developed a reputation during the 1870s and 1880s as a leading contributor to the Democratic Party's opposition to the predominantly Republican African-American officeholders in Mississippi. Lamar's testimony before the 42nd United States Congress's Joint Committee to Inquire into the Conditions of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States reveals that he was a passionate defender of the Southern social order and the Ku Klux Klan, a secret society which had developed in response to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments and the events of Reconstruction. On June 21, 1871, several witnesses testified before the committee that Lamar, as a defense attorney in federal court in Oxford, Mississippi, objected to a witness who could identify 27 men appearing on charges for organizing the Klan and terrorizing African Americans, missionary society teachers, and Republican voters. When the witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected to his presence, then threw a chair at the witness, and "cussed the judge, the court and all of its officers, and the United States federal government", as students of the University of Mississippi cheered from the gallery, then punched a federal marshal who moved to defend the witness. The presiding judge, Samuel J. Gholson, revoked Lamar's law license, but only temporarily. He was allowed to continue practicing law after a three-month suspension from the bar.<ref>Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into The Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Mississippi Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 239, 290.</ref>

In 1868, Lamar purchased Template:Convert in Oxford and built a six-room cottage between 1869 and 1870.Template:Sfn<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The house is now known as the L.Q.C. Lamar House Museum and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.<ref name=":12" /> The house operates as a museum and the 3-acre grounds as a park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Congressional career (1873–1885)Edit

Lamar returned to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1873, the first Democrat from Mississippi to be elected to the House since the Civil War. He served there until 1877. Lamar was elected by the state legislature (as was the law at the time) to represent Mississippi in the U.S. Senate from 1877 to 1885. Lamar was a staunch opponent of Reconstruction, and did not consider freedmen and other black Americans fit to vote. He promoted "the supremacy of the unconquered and unconquerable Saxon race."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later careerEdit

File:Cleveland First Cabinet.png

President Grover Cleveland and his first Cabinet, with L.Q.C. Lamar in the rightmost, bottom spot

Secretary of the Interior (1885–1888)Edit

With the victory of Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election, Lamar recommended several southerners for his cabinet. Despite the recommendations, Cleveland decided to nominate Lamar for Secretary of the Interior. The two shared similar views on many issues, and Lamar provided geographical balance to Cleveland's cabinet. While questions were raised over his involvement in the Confederacy and limited administrative experience, he was confirmed with little difficulty.Template:Sfn As part of the first Democratic administration in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of his own party, especially those from the South, seeking political patronage.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> He engaged these requests, dismissing Republican officials for Democratic ones, though he did so cautiously.Template:Sfn

As secretary, he reduced the department's fleet of carriages for high officials,<ref name=":2" /> as well as opposed efforts to dissolve Indian reservations.Template:Sfn He forwarded a new Indian policy, encouraging citizenship and individual land-holding; he endorsed the Dawes Act of 1887.Template:Sfn He favored conservationism with public lands to reduce threats of exploitation. He was a staunch defender of the Homestead Act of 1862, as he claimed it prevented mass exploitation of natural resources.Template:Sfn Lamar also worked to reclaim over Template:Convert, mostly from railroad corporations.Template:Sfn

He served from March 6, 1885, to January 10, 1888.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Supreme Court (1888–1893)Edit

File:Lamar Nomination.JPG

Lamar's Supreme Court nomination

In May 1887, Republican Justice William B. Woods died while in office, and following the reconvening of Congress, Lamar was nominated by Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without serious competition. Lamar was from the South just like the deceased justice,Template:Sfn<ref name=":0" /> and he would be the first Southerner nominated to the court since the Civil War.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized the road to reconciliation."<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> The Republican-dominated Senate Judiciary Committee reported against his nomination because of lack of legal experience and old age; he was the second oldest nominee ever at the time. Thanks to the votes of a few western Republicans breaking from party leadership, Lamar was confirmed on January 16, 1888, by a close 32 to 28 vote.Template:Sfn<ref name=":0" /> He took the judicial oath on January 18, 1888.<ref name=":0" />

Lamar's time on the court was spent briefly under the Waite Court, with the rest under the Fuller Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His service on the court is considered by some as unremarkable,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> though to others, the quality of his opinions he produced improved as his time on the court went on.Template:Sfn Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him issuing 13 dissents from the court; overall, his opinions did not receive much opposition from other members of the court, with generating only four dissents.<ref name=":43">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn

Death and legacyEdit

Lamar died on January 23, 1893, in Vineville, Georgia. He was originally interred at Riverside Cemetery in Macon, Georgia, but was reinterred at St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, Mississippi, in 1894.

Lamar was later featured in John F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize–winning book, Profiles in Courage (1957), for his eulogy for Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (R) in 1874, along with his support of the findings of a partisan congressional committee regarding the disputed presidential election of 1876, and for his unpopular vote against the Bland–Allison Act of 1878.

Memorials and namesakesEdit

File:Lamar Hall at University of Mississippi.jpg

Lamar Hall at the University of Mississippi

A variety of places have been named in Lamar's honor, including three U.S. counties: Lamar County, Alabama;<ref name="ALarch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lamar County, Georgia;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Lamar County, Mississippi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several communities are named for him, including ones in Arkansas,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wisconsin,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nebraska,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Colorado, Mississippi, and Missouri.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Oxford, Mississippi, a building on the University of Mississippi's campus, Lamar Hall, and the main thoroughfare for the town, Lamar Avenue, are named for him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A road in Memphis is also named for him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Lamar School in Meridian, MS, a former segregation academy, is named for L.Q.C. Lamar.<ref name="Johnston">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn

The east fork of the Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park is called the Lamar River, coined by geologist Arnold Hague during an 1884–85 Geological Survey. Similarly, Lamar Valley, and other park places are named in honor of Lamar as Secretary of the Interior.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Hot Springs National Park, the Lamar Bathhouse is named for him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During World War II, the Liberty Ship Template:SS was named for him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Emory University had two named professorships in the School of Law that were named for Lamar. In April 2022, Emory removed Lamar's name from the professorships after a review by Emory's Committee on Naming Honors recommended that the name be changed due to his staunch defense of slavery.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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Works citedEdit

External linksEdit

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