Luhansk

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Luhansk (Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), also known as Lugansk (Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), is a city in the Donbas in eastern Ukraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be Template:Ua-pop-est2022 making Luhansk the 12th-largest city in Ukraine.

Luhansk served as the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast, before pro-Russian separatists seized control of the city in 2014 and made it the capital of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. The Ukrainian administration was located in Sievierodonetsk from 2014 to 2022 during the war in Donbas, due to Ukraine not being in control of Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk was captured by Russia in 2022 and Luhansk Oblast was later annexed by Russia in late 2022.

Etimology

The city was founded as a foundry in 1795-1796, following the decree of Empress Catherine II titled On the establishment of a foundry in the Donetsk uyezd by the Lugan River. The settlement that developed around the plant was named Lugansk, deriving its name from the hydronym Lugan, which itself originates from the Russian word lug (meadow). The settlement was granted city status in 1882.

In 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad in honor of the Soviet political and military figure Kliment Voroshilov. Following the adoption of a 1957 decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which prohibited naming populated places after living political figures, the city's original name, Lugansk, was restored in 1958. However, in 1970, after Voroshilov's death, the city was once again renamed Voroshilovgrad. In 1990, the name Luhansk was reinstated.<ref>Pospelov, 2002, с. 247</ref>

History

Founding and early history

Template:Stack The city traces its history to 1797 when the British industrialist Charles Gascoigne, commissioned by the Imperial Russian government in 1795, founded an ammunition and cannon factory for the Black Sea Fleet.<ref name=IEU/> Gascoigne had emigrated to Saint Petersburg years earlier, and founded factories and mines across the Russian Empire during his time there. There is a prominent bust of him in Luhansk commemorating his role in the city's founding.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The factory was built in the Donets Basin (or Donbas) at the confluence of the Luhan and Template:Ill rivers. The Russian craftsmen settled upstream, at the settlement of Kamianyi Brid.<ref name=IEU>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The name "Luhansk" comes from the Luhan River, which flows through the city. According to folk etymology, the name is also derived to the word "Luh" (Ukrainian: Луг), which means "meadow", referring to the floodplains around the river.Template:Cn

The factory was greatly expanded during the Napoleonic Wars, and again during the Crimean War. By 1880, the factory was a large industrial node, linked by rail to other major cities and to the Azov Sea. In 1882, the Luhansk Factory was merged with Kamianyi Brid into a new settlement named Luhansk, which received city status. In 1897, Luhansk had a population of 20,400, 68.2% of whom were Russians.<ref name=IEU/>

In summer 1896, German industrialist Template:Ill founded a locomotive-building company in Luhansk, which is now Luhanskteplovoz. It became operational in 1900, and soon produced a large proportion of all locomotives in the Russian Empire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the Soviet Union

Template:Stack Luhansk was economically devastated by the Russian Civil War.<ref name=restoration/> In April 1918, Luhansk was occupied by the Central Powers during their invasion of Ukraine. Then, it was taken by Anton Denikin's anti-communist Volunteer Army in May 1919, before changing hands several times. It was finally taken by the Red Army in January 1920.<ref name=IEU/>

After the end of the war, the victorious Bolsheviks created the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire, and began restoring the city.<ref name=restoration>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city grew rapidly during the interwar period.<ref name=IEU/> On 5 November 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) in honour of Soviet military commander and politician Kliment Voroshilov.<ref name=ThirtyFive/> In 1938, Voroshilovgrad Oblast was established, with the city as its center.<ref name=IEU/>

The economic recovery and development of the city was also accompanied by significant demographic change. The population grew from 72,000 to 212,000 between 1926 and 1939, and there was an influx of Ukrainians from the countryside into the city. The proportion of Ukrainians grew from 19.1% to 58.7% between 1897 and 1939, many of whom were refugees fleeing the Holodomor, a manmade famine across Soviet Ukraine. The Russian proportion of the population shrank to 34.5%.<ref name=IEU/>

Voroshilovgrad became a frontline city in World War II after the failure of Nazi Germany's Operation Barbarossa to capture major Soviet cities.<ref name=GPW>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 1942, a grand concert featuring the work of Taras Shevchenko was held in the city to inspire Ukrainians to fight off the invading Nazis.<ref name=IEU/> In July 1942, Germany concentrated its forces in the area and forced the Soviets to retreat to the Volga and the North Caucasus. On 14 July 1942, German troops captured Voroshilovgrad. Locals waged partisan warfare against the occupation. The city was eventually liberated by the Red Army on 14 February 1943.<ref name=GPW/>

In the postwar period, the city was rebuilt. The population recovered and grew, again alongside demographic change. More Russians were brought in to rebuild and help with industrialization, again reducing the share of Ukrainians to a minority of 48.3% by 1959 and raising the share of Russians to 47.1%.<ref name=IEU/> On 5 March 1958, after Khrushchev's call to not name cities after living people, the old name of Luhansk was reinstated.<ref name=ThirtyFive>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kliment Voroshilov himself opposed the restoration of the old name in 1958.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In January 1970, after the death of Kliment Voroshilov on 2 December 1969, the city's name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad.<ref name=ThirtyFive/>

Demographic shifts continued during the late Soviet period; by 1989, Ukrainians made up 41.8% of the population and Russians had a majority of 52.4%.<ref name=IEU/> On 4 May 1990, a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.<ref name=ThirtyFive/>

Ukrainian independence

Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1994, a consultative referendum took place in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The previous demographic trends reversed in independent Ukraine; by 2001, Ukrainians—who increasingly spoke Russian—were 50% of the population and Russians made up 47%. The population as a whole began to decline as the economy stagnated, dropping from 505,000 in 1992 to 424,000 in 2014.<ref name=IEU/>

Russo–Ukrainian War

File:Secessionists barricade in Luhansk.jpg

Pro-Russian unrest in Luhansk, April 2014

In April 2014, Russia-backed separatists seized governmental buildings in the region, proclaiming the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), with its capital in Luhansk.<ref name=IEU/> An independence referendum, unconstitutional under Ukrainian law, was held on 11 May 2014. This referendum was not recognized as legitimate by any government.<ref name="Referendum on joining Russia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These events escalated into the War in Donbas.

In August 2014, Ukrainian government forces completely surrounded rebel-held Luhansk.<ref>"East Ukraine city of Luhansk dying under siege, residents say". The Denver Post. 5 August 2014.</ref> Heavy shelling caused civilian casualties in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"In Shell-Torn Luhansk, Food and Water Is Scarce: 'Welcome to Hell!'". Newsweek. 15 August 2014.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 17 August, Ukrainian soldiers entered the rebel-controlled Luhansk and for a time had control over a police station.<ref name="guardian luhansk breakthrough">Template:Cite news</ref> A statement released on 22 August by Lithuanian foreign minister Linas Antanas Linkevičius said that the Lithuanian honorary consul in Luhansk, Mykola Zelenec, was abducted by the pro-Russian separatists and murdered.<ref name="BBClekil">Template:Cite news</ref> Linkevičius defined the abductors as 'terrorists'.<ref name="BBClekil"/>

After the Ilovaisk counteroffensive, LPR forces regained Lutuhyne and other Luhansk suburbs. Ukrainian forces withdrew from the Luhansk International Airport on 1 September 2014, after heavy fighting.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Human Rights Watch reported high civilian casualties in and around the city, recording over 300 civilian deaths caused by explosive weapons between May and September 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The temporary administration of Luhansk Oblast was moved to Sievierodonetsk by the government of Ukraine.Template:Cn

On 21 November 2017, armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republic Igor Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior minister Igor Kornet.<ref name="rferl.org">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Media reports stated that the Donetsk People's Republic, a parallel Russian-backed entity in neighboring Donetsk Oblast, had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night.<ref name="rferl.org"/><ref name="independent.co.uk"/> Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll."<ref name=idUSKBN1DO251>Ukraine rebel region's security minister says he is new leader Template:Webarchive, Reuters (24 November 2017)
Separatist Leader In Ukraine's Luhansk Resigns Amid Power Struggle Template:Webarchive, Radio Free Europe (24 November 2017)</ref> The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections."<ref name=idUSKBN1DO251/>

Geography

Luhansk is located at the confluence of the Luhan (also known as Luhanka) and Olkhova rivers. The total area of land within the city’s boundaries is 28.6 thousand hectares.

The city's main street is Sovetskaya St., and the central venue for major public events is Theatre Square.

Climate

Luhansk has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). Luhansk has both the highest and lowest temperature recorded in Ukraine. A record high of Template:Convert was recorded on 12 August 2010, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Ukraine.<ref name=cgo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A record low of Template:Convert was recorded on 8 January 1935.<ref name=cgo/>

Administrative divisions

File:Luhansk raions eng.svg

A map of the districts of Luhansk

The city of Luhansk is administratively divided into four districts:

• Zhovtnevyi District (until 1964: Oktyabrsky).

The district includes the settlements of Velyka Vergunka, Mala Vergunka, Krasnyi Yar, and Veselenke. During the Soviet period, these settlements were part of the Vatutynskyi District, which was merged into Zhovtnevyi District in the 1960s.

• Artemivskyi District

Previously, this district had jurisdiction over the satellite town of Oleksandrivsk, the urban-type settlement of Yuvileine (Katerynivka), (Katerinivka), and the rural settlements of Teplychne and Dzerzhynske (Zrazkove or Prymerne).

• Leninskyi District
• Kamiano-Bridskyi District

Additionally, in 2014, three territorial administrations were established by Russian authorities:

• Yuvileine
• Oleksandrivsk
• Burchak-Mykhailivka, Mykolaivka, Pionerske, and Lobachove.

Between 2020 and 2022, as part of the city administration, three structural territorial departments were formed:

• Department for Yuvileine
• Department for Oleksandrivsk (including the settlements of Dzerzhynske and Teplychne)
• Department for the town of Shchastia

There are 49 local self-organization committees in operation.

Symbols

• Flag of Luhansk.svg

  Ukraine-recognized Flag of Luhansk

• Coat of arms of Luhansk.svg

  Ukraine-recognized Coat of arms of Luhansk

• Flag of Lugansk.svg

  Russia-recognized Flag of Luhansk since 2024

• Coat of Arms of Lugansk.svg

  Russia-recognized Coat of arms of Luhansk since 2024

Education

Some of the more prestigious universities in Ukraine have their home in Luhansk. Luhansk is the location of the main campus of the Luhansk University, East Ukrainian National University and of Luhansk State Medical University.

Demographics

Template:Historical populationsIn the Ukrainian Census of 2001,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 49.6% of the inhabitants declared themselves as ethnically Ukrainians and 47% as Russians. 85.3% of the population spoke Russian as their native language, while 13.7% spoke Ukrainian, 0.2% Armenian and 0.1% Belarusian.

Sport

Luhansk is home to Zorya Luhansk which now plays in the Ukrainian Premier League annual football championship and plays at the Avanhard Stadium. The club won the 1972 Soviet Top League.

The other football team was Dynamo Luhansk.

Culture

Merheleva Ridge

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On 7 September 2006, archaeologists in Ukraine announced that an ancient structure had been discovered near Luhansk, which the press reported as a pyramid antedating those in Egypt by at least 300 years. The stone foundations of the structure were said to resemble Aztec and Mayan pyramids in Mesoamerica. It was later concluded that the site in question was not a pyramid but was still of great interest.

Notable people

File:1872. Портрет писателя Владимира Ивановича Даля.jpg

Vladimir Dal, 1872

File:Ситник Костянтин Меркурійович.jpg

Kostiantyn Sytnyk, pre-2012

• Vladislav Anisovich (1908–1969) a Russian and Soviet painter and art educator
• Vladimir Bobrov (1915–1970) a Soviet fighter pilot and flying ace
• Nadiya Bychkova (born 1989) a Ukrainian-Slovenian ballroom and Latin American dancer
• Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), Russian lexicographer and polyglot
• Dov Feigin (1907-2000) an Israeli sculptor.
• Pavel Luspekayev (1927—1970) a Soviet actor
• Yulia Malinovsky (born 1975), Israeli politician
• Mikhail Matusovsky (1915–1990), Soviet poet, songwriter
• Julia Rysina (born 1989) stage name T-DJ Milana, DJ, composer, dancer and model
• Leonid Pasechnik (born 1970) leader of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic.
• Igor Plotnitsky (born 1964) former leader of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic.
• Andriy Portnov (born 1973) a Ukrainian lawyer and politician.
• Aleksandr Ptushko (1900–1973) a Soviet animation and fantasy film director
• Nikolay Shmatko (1943–2020), sculptor, professor and painter
• Tatyana Snezhina (1972–1995) a Russian poet and singer-songwriter.
• Kostiantyn Sytnyk (1926–2017) a Ukrainian and Soviet scientist and academician
• Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969), Soviet military commander

File:2020-01-15 Medals Ceremonies (2020 Winter Youth Olympics) by Sandro Halank–152.jpg

Sergey Bubka, 2020

File:Irina Kirichenko 1967b.jpg

Irina Kirichenko, 1967

File:Viktor Onopko 2011.jpg

Viktor Onopko, 2011

Sport

• Sergey Andreyev (born 1956) a football manager and a former player with 617 club caps and 26 for the Soviet Union
• Valeriy Brumel (1942–2003), a Soviet high jumper; silver medallist at the 1960 Summer Olympics and gold medallist at the 1964 Summer Olympics
• Viktor Bryzhin (born 1962) a former sprinter, team gold medallist at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
• Yelyzaveta Bryzhina (born 1989), sprinter, team bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
• Sergey Bubka (born 1963), Soviet and Ukrainian pole vaulter, former World Record holder, and gold medallist at the 1988 Summer Olympics
• Vasiliy Bubka (born 1960), Soviet and Ukrainian pole vaulter
• Fedor Emelianenko (born 1976), Russian heavyweight mixed martial arts and judoka
• Vyacheslav Glazkov (born 1984) boxer, bronze medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympics
• Irina Kirichenko (1937–2020) a Soviet sprint cyclist
• Serhiy Malyi (born 1990) footballer with over 150 club caps and 46 for Kazakhstan
• Viktor Onopko (born 1969), Russian football player with 462 club caps and 109 for Russia
• Sergei Semak (born 1976), footballer and manager with 552 club caps and 65 for Russia
• Andriy Serdinov (born 1982), butterfly swimmer, bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
• Oleh Shelayev ( born 1976) footballer with over 400 club caps and 36 for Ukraine
• Anton Shoutvin (born 1989), Israeli basketball player
• Tetyana Skachko (born 1954) long jumper, bronze medallist at the 1980 Summer Olympics
• Tetyana Tereshchuk-Antipova (born 1969), hurdler, bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
• Sergei Yuran (born 1969), football player with 276 club caps and 25 for Russia
• Oleksandr Zavarov (born 1961), Soviet and Ukrainian football player and coach with over 450 club caps and 41 for the Soviet Union

International relations

Luhansk is twinned with:

• Template:Flagicon Cardiff, United Kingdom<ref name="Cardiff twinning">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="OLCC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Flagicon Lublin, Poland<ref name="OLCC"/><ref name="Lublin twinnings">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Flagicon Székesfehérvár, Hungary<ref name="OLCC"/><ref name="Székesfehérvár twinning">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Flagicon Daqing, China<ref name="OLCC"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Flagicon Saint-Étienne, France<ref name="OLCC"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Template:Flagicon Pernik, Bulgaria<ref name="OLCC"/>

Gallery

• Институт Культуры.jpg

  Luhansk University

• Night Luhansk sovetskya street.jpg

  Radianska Street at night

• Гостиница "Луганск".jpg

  Luhansk Hotel

• Володимирський кафедральный собор (Луганськ).JPG

  St. Volodymyr Cathedral

• Эстакада.jpg

  Luhansk railway station

• Кукольный Театр.jpg

  Soviet buildings in the central city

• В.И.Даль 02.jpg

  City old hospital

• Lugansk Lenini kujuga 09.08. 2015.jpg

  Luhansk Drama Theatre

• Sõjapurustused Luganskis.jpg

  A consumer electronics and appliance store, heavily damaged as a consequence of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

• LUHANSK 111.jpg

  Monument to the Revolution Heroes

See also

• Luhansk Airlines
• Luhansk Airport
• Luhanskteplovoz
• Merheleva Ridge
• Aviation Technical Museum (Luhansk)

External links

• Official website of the Luhansk city council
• Former website of the Luhansk city council (last updated July 2015) (Template:Webarchive)
• Topographic map 1:100 000