Luna 9

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox spaceflight

Luna 9 (Луна-9), internal designation Ye-6 No.13, was an uncrewed space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna programme. On 3 February 1966, the Luna 9 spacecraft became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon and return imagery from its surface.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SpacecraftEdit

The spacecraft carrying on top the lander capsule, weighed together 1538 kg and was 2.7 meters tall. It commenced the main descent, shortly before its controlled impact it ejected the lander capsule. The lander had a mass of Template:Convert and consisted of a spheroid Automatic Lunar Station (ALS) capsule measuring Template:Convert.<ref name="NASA 2023 b332">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It used a landing bag to survive the impact speed of over Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was a hermetically sealed container with radio equipment, a program timing device, heat control systems, scientific apparatus, power sources, and a television system.

The spacecraft was developed in the design bureau then known as OKB-1, under Chief Designer Sergei Korolev (who had died before the launch). The first 11 Luna missions were unsuccessful for a variety of reasons. At that time the project was transferred to Lavochkin design bureau since OKB-1 was busy with a human expedition to the Moon. Luna 9 was the twelfth attempt at a soft-landing by the Soviet Union; it was also the first successful deep space probe built by the Lavochkin design bureau, which ultimately would design and build almost all Soviet (later Russian) lunar and interplanetary spacecraft. <ref name="NASA History">Template:Cite book</ref>

Launch and translunar coastEdit

Luna 9 was launched by a Molniya-M rocket, serial number 103-32, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Liftoff took place at 11:41:37 GMT on 31 January 1966. The first three stages of the four-stage carrier rocket injected the payload and fourth stage into low Earth orbit, at an altitude of Template:Convert and an inclination of 51.8°.<ref name="satcat">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The fourth stage, a Blok-L, then fired to raise the perigee of the orbit to a new apogee approximately Template:Convert, before deploying Luna 9 into a highly elliptical geocentric orbit.<ref name="satcat"/>

For thermal control, the spacecraft then spun itself up to 0.67 rpm using nitrogen jets. On 1 February at 19:29 GMT, a mid-course correction took place involving a 48-second burn and resulting in a delta-v of Template:Convert.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Descent and landingEdit

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At an altitude of Template:Convert from the Moon, the spacecraft was oriented for the firing of its retrorockets and its spin was stopped in preparation for landing. From this moment the orientation of the spacecraft was supported by measurements of directions to the Sun and the Earth using an optomechanical system. At Template:Convert above the lunar surface, the radar altimeter triggered the jettison of the side modules, the inflation of the airbags and the firing of the retro rockets. At Template:Convert from the surface, the main retrorocket was turned off by the integrator of an acceleration having reached the planned velocity of the braking manoeuver. The four outrigger engines were used to slow the craft. About Template:Convert above the lunar surface, a contact sensor touched the ground triggering the engines to be shut down and the landing capsule to be ejected and its landing airbag being inflated. The capsule landed at Template:Convert.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A"/>

The capsule bounced several times before coming to rest in Oceanus Procellarum west of Reiner and Marius craters at approximately 7.08 N, 64.37 W (other sources indicate Template:Lunar coords and quad cat<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 GMT.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A"/>

Surface operationsEdit

File:Luna-9 model.jpg

Luna 9 lander model

File:First Photo from the Surface of the Moon.jpg

The first photo ever taken from the surface of another celestial body.

Approximately 250 seconds after landing in the Oceanus Procellarum, four petals that covered the top half of the spacecraft opened outward for increased stability. Seven hours after (to allow for the Sun to climb to 7° elevation) the probe began sending the first of nine images (including five panoramas) of the surface of the Moon. Seven radio sessions with a total of 8 hours and 5 minutes were transmitted, as well as a series of three TV pictures. After assembly the photographs gave a panoramic view of the immediate lunar surface, comprising views of nearby rocks and of the horizon, Template:Convert away.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A"/>

The pictures from Luna 9 were not released immediately by the Soviet authorities, but scientists at Jodrell Bank Observatory in England, which was monitoring the craft, noticed that the signal format used was identical to the internationally agreed Radiofax system used by newspapers for transmitting pictures. The Daily Express rushed a suitable receiver to the Observatory and the pictures from Luna 9 were decoded and published worldwide.<ref>Daily Express front page Saturday February 5 1966</ref> The BBC speculated that the spacecraft's designers deliberately fitted the probe with equipment conforming to the standard, to enable reception of the pictures by Jodrell Bank Observatory.<ref>BBC On This Day | 3 | 1966: Soviets land probe on Moon</ref>

The radiation detector, the only dedicated scientific instrument on board, measured dosage of 30 millirads (0.3 milligrays) per day.<ref>NSSDCA ID: 1966-006A-02</ref> The mission also determined that a spacecraft would not sink into the lunar dust; that the ground could support a lander. The last contact with the spacecraft was at 22:55 GMT on 6 February 1966.<ref name="NSSDC1966-006A"/>

Models and displaysEdit

Detailed Luna 9 models are on display at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology, Museum of Air and Space Paris and other locations.

Luna-9 (Memorial Museum of Astronautics).JPG

Luna 9 mockup (1:1) at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
FP2A3144 (23497692808).jpg

Luna-9 descent capsule at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.
Luna 9 Space Probe.jpg

Luna 9 on display at the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.
Luna-9 Space Probe Descent Capsule.jpg

Luna-9 descent capsule at the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.
Onboard container of the Luna-9 automatic control system 1.jpg

Onboard container of the automatic control system "Luna-9", Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.
Модель автоматической станции Луна-9 с посадочной ступенью 1.jpg

Luna 9 model at the Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology.

StampsEdit

The successful Luna 9 landing was commemorated on stamps.

The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3314 stamp (2851 Overprinted in Silver 'Luna 9 - on the Moon! 3.2. 1966').png

USSR stamp "Luna 9"–on the Moon! 3.2. 1966.
The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3315 stamp (Luna 9 Flight Scheme (Start 01.31, Soft Landing 02.03)).jpg

USSR stamp "Luna 9" Flight Scheme (Start 01.31, Soft Landing 02.03)
The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3316 stamp (Arms of USSR and Pennant Sent to Moon by Luna 9).png

USSR stamp Arms of USSR and Pennant Sent to Moon by "Luna 9".
The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3317 stamp (Luna 9 on Moon's Surface and 1st Television Program of Moon Pictures on February 4).jpg

USSR stamp "Luna 9" on Moon's Surface and 1st Television Program of Moon Pictures on 4 February
1966 CPA 3415.jpg

Stamp of the Soviet Union, 1966
Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1966, MiNr 1168.jpg

GDR stamp, 1966