Incubator escapee wiki

Lycium

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The genus has a disjunct distribution around the globe, with species occurring on most continents in temperate and subtropical regions. South America has the most species, followed by North America and southern Africa. There are several scattered across Europe and Asia, and one is native to Australia.<ref name=fu>Fukuda, T., et al. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Lycium (Solanaceae): Inferences from chloroplast DNA sequences. Template:Webarchive Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(2), 246-58.</ref> Common English names for plants of this genus include box-thorn,<ref name=jeps>Lycium. The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref> wolfberry, and desert-thorn.<ref name=itis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plants of the World Online currently accepts 101 species.<ref name = powo/> Other estimates are of 70<ref name=fu/> to 80<ref name=china>Lycium. Flora of China.</ref><ref name=levin>Levin, R. A. and J. S. Miller. (2005). Relationships within tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae): paraphyly of Lycium and multiple origins of gender dimorphism. American Journal of Botany 92(12), 2044-53.</ref> species.

EtymologyEdit

The generic name Lycium is derived from the Greek word λυκιον (lykion), which was applied by Pliny the Elder (23-79) and Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) to a plant known as dyer's buckthorn. It was probably a Rhamnus species and was named for Lycia (Λυκία), the ancient southern Anatolian region in which it grew.<ref name="Austin">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="rhs">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Template:ISBN.</ref> The berry is called lycii fructus ("lycium fruit") in old Latin pharmacological texts.

DescriptionEdit

File:LyciumBarbarum-bloem-hr.jpg
Lycium barbarum

Lycium are shrubs, often thorny, growing 1 to 4 meters tall. The leaves are small, narrow, and fleshy, and are alternately arranged, sometimes in fascicles. Flowers are solitary or borne in clusters. The funnel-shaped or bell-shaped corolla is white, green, or purple in color. The fruit is a two-chambered, usually fleshy and juicy berry which can be red, orange, yellow, or black. It may have few seeds or many.<ref name=jeps/><ref name=china/> Most Lycium have fleshy, red berries with over 10 seeds, but a few American taxa have hard fruits with two seeds.<ref name=levin/>

While most Lycium are monoecious, producing bisexual flowers with functional male and female parts, some species are gynodioecious, with some individuals bearing bisexual flowers and some producing functionally female flowers.<ref>Miller, J. S. and D. L. Venable. (2002). The transition to gender dimorphism on an evolutionary background of self-incompatibility: an example from Lycium (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 89(12), 1907-15.</ref>

UsesEdit

Lycium has been known to European herbalists since ancient times, and species were traded from the Far East to Europe by the Romans, for example via Ariaca and the port of Barbarikon near today's Karachi, as mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In his Naturalis historia, Pliny the Elder describes boxthorn as a medicinal plant, as does Pedanius Dioscorides in his P. Dioscoridae pharmacorum simplicium reique medicae.<ref name=hitch/>

In his 1753 publication Species Plantarum, Linnaeus describes three Lycium species: L. afrum, L. barbarum, and L. europaeum.<ref name=hitch>Hitchcock, C. L. (1932). A monographic study of the genus Lycium of the Western Hemisphere. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 19(2/3), 179-348 and 350-66. doi:10.2307/2394155 (First page image).</ref>

File:Lycium-barbarum-fruits.JPG
L. barbarum

Lycium, particularly L. barbarum, have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine.<ref name="Gross">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="UK-FSA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The leaves and roots of other species of Lycium, such as L. europaeum, when mixed with water, have been used in folk medicine.<ref>Nissim Krispil, Medicinal Plants in Israel and Throughout the World - the Complete Guide, Or Yehuda (Israel) 2000, pp.Template:Nbsp38–39 (Hebrew)</ref> The fruit of L. barbatum and L. chinense, known as goji berry, is commonly consumed as a dried fruit.<ref name=Gross/> The Chinese tonic gou qi zi ("wolfberry fruit") is made of the fruit of any of several Lycium species, and is used as a dietary supplement.<ref name=Gross/>

EcologyEdit

Lycium species mostly occur in arid and semi-arid climates, and a few are known from coastal zones in somewhat saline habitat types.<ref name=fu/>

Invasive species include L. ferocissimum, which was introduced to Australia and New Zealand and has become a dense, thorny pest plant there. It injures livestock, harbors pest mammals and insects, and displaces native species.<ref>Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn). Invasive Species Compendium. CABI.</ref>

SpeciesEdit

File:Lycium intricatum.jpg
Lycium intricatum
File:Starr 010206-0232 Lycium sandwicense.jpg
Lycium sandwicense

101 species are accepted.<ref name = powo/><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{#if:30531 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon 

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Formerly placed hereEdit

  • Buchozia japonica (Thunb.) Callm. (as L. foetidum L.f. or L. japonicum Thunb.)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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