Médaille militaire
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military award
The Médaille militaire ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, "Military Medal") is a military decoration of the French Republic for other ranks for meritorious service and acts of bravery in action against an enemy force. It is the third highest award of the French Republic, after the Legion of Honour, a civil and military order, and the Order of Liberation, a Second World War-only order. The Médaille militaire is therefore the most senior entirely military active French decoration.
During World War I, 230,000 médailles were awarded,<ref>historique de la société d'entraide des médaillés militaires Template:In lang</ref> when 1,400,000 French Army soldiers were killed and 3,000,000 wounded. For comparison, the UK Military Medal was awarded on 115,000 occasions in World War I, when 673,375 British Army soldiers were killed and 1,643,469 wounded. There were 628 awards to 627 recipients of the Victoria Cross, the United Kingdom's highest military decoration.
The award was first established in 1852 by the first President of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte who may have taken his inspiration from a medal established and awarded by his father, Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.
After the First World War, the Military Medal was also temporarily awarded for wounds received in combat.<ref name="bookref">Template:Cite book</ref>
StatuteEdit
Like many other French awards, the médaille can be awarded for different reasons. It can be awarded to foreign nationals serving with or alongside the French armed forces.<ref name="bookref" />
- To members of the military other than commissioned officers (including enlisted ranks, non-commissioned officers and aspirants or Officer Designate).<ref name="bookref" />
- As an award for valour, it is the second highest award ranking immediately after the Legion of Honour.
- As an in between medal for enlisted members, NCO and O(D) awarded the Legion of Honour for "combat actions", nowadays mostly done posthumously.
- As a service medal, for long-serving NCOs.
- To generals and admirals who have been commanders-in-chief, as a supreme award for leadership. These general officers must already have been awarded the grand cross of the Legion of Honour.<ref name="bookref"/>
Award descriptionEdit
The Médaille militaire is a silver laurel wreath, Template:Convert in diameter, wrapped around a central gold medallion bearing the left profile of Marianne, effigy of the French Republic, the original 2nd Empire variant bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III. The central gold medallion is surrounded by a blue enamelled ring bearing the gilt inscription "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE" (Template:Langx) with a small gilt five-pointed star at the bottom for a 4th Republic award, three stars for a 5th Republic variant, the 3rd Republic variant bore the date 1870, the 2nd Empire variant bore the gilt inscription "LOUIS-NAPOLEON" in lieu of "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE" and had flowers on both sides of the small star at the bottom. The original variant was topped by a silver imperial eagle with a loop through which the suspension ring passed, all other variants were and are topped by a device composed of a breastplate superimposed over crossed cannons, a naval anchor, sabres, swords and battle axes, to which the suspension ring passes through a loop for attachment to a ribbon. The reverse of the medallion is common to all variants since inception of the award, it bears the relief inscription on three lines "VALEUR ET DISCIPLINE" (Template:Langx) and is surrounded by a blue enamelled ring.<ref name="bookref"/>
The ribbon of the Médaille militaire is Template:Convert wide, yellow in color with Template:Convert green stripes on each edge. This ribbon was borrowed from the Order of the Iron Crown which it effectively replaced in France.
| 2nd Empire 1852–1870 |
3rd Republic 1870–1940 |
4th Republic 1946–1958 |
5th Republic 1958–present |
Reverse common to all variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Medaille Militaire 2e Empire France.jpg | File:Medaille Militaire 3e Republique France.jpg | File:Medaille Militaire dite de la 4e Republique, fabrication officielle Monnaie de Paris (France).jpg | File:Medaille Militaire dite de la 4e Republique, variante de fabrication privée (France).jpg | File:Medaille Militaire 3e Republique France REVERS.jpg |
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
RecipientsEdit
The Médaille militaire was awarded in some number to British and allied forces (allies of the French Empire) during the Crimean War of 1854–1856 and in reasonably large numbers to allied forces in the 1914–1918 war. During the Second World War, the Médaille reached its highest numbers of foreign bestowals, most often to members of the British Army as well as to the United States military. The general's médaille was awarded to Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Josip Broz Tito, as supreme commanders of the UK, US and Yugoslav military forces, but to also effective military leaders, such as General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower, and to Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope.
Unit awardEdit
In addition to the individual medal, the Médaille militaire is also authorized as a unit award to those military commands who display the same criteria of bravery as would be required for the individual medal. The médaille is displayed on the flag of these units. It is one of the rarest unit awards in the French military.<ref name="bookref"/>
This unit award should not be confused with the fourragère de la médaille militaire, which is a cord suspended from the shoulder of a military uniform worn by members of units which had been mentioned in despatches. A fourragère aux couleurs du ruban de la médaille militaire (fourragère in the colours of the ribbon of the médaille militaire) is worn by units which had been mentioned four times, a fourragère aux couleurs de la légion d'honneur et de la médaille militaire (fourragère in the colours of the ribbons of the légion d'honneur and the médaille militaire) for units mentioned twelve times. Ten American units can wear the fourragère de la médaille militaire.
Notable French and foreign recipients (partial list)Edit
The individuals listed below were recipients of the "Médaille Militaire: Template:Div col
- Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle (posthumous)
- Private John Alexander VC
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
- Nurse and resistance fighter Berty Albrecht (posthumous)
- Marshal of France (1864) François Achille Bazaine
- World War 1 pilot Arthur Bluethenthal<ref name="jewsinsports1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="google2">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:USA (posthumous)
- World War 1 African American fighter pilot Eugene Jacques Bullard Template:USA
- Sergeant Louis-Ferdinand Céline
- Sergeant Eugène Chavant
- Yvonne Chollet (posthumous)
- Marshal of France, Great Britain and Poland, Ferdinand Foch
- Prime Minister Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
- USMC Sergeant Major Daniel Joseph "Dan" Daly Template:USA
- Private Herman Davis Template:USA
- First sergeant Samuel "Sam" Dreben Template:USA
- President Dwight D. Eisenhower Template:USA
- Rene Joyeuse FFL / OSS (Captain) Template:FR
- Corporal François Faber (posthumous)
- Colonel René Paul Fonck
- Corporal Edward Foster VC
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
- Russian flying ace Viktor Georgiyevich Fyodorov {{#invoke:flag||Russia|}}
- Jean Gabin
- Police prefect Louis Lépine
- General of the Army Douglas MacArthur Template:USA
- Capitaine Georges Felix Madon
- World War 2 fighter ace Paul-Joseph de Montgolfier
- Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
- Norwegian Crown Prince and Chief of Defence Olav V {{#invoke:flag||Norway}}
- Marshal and Prime Minister Alexandros Papagos Template:Flag
- Marshal Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain
- Corporal Thomas A. Pope Template:NoteTag Template:USA
- Father of the French Air Force, General Pierre Auguste Roques
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:USA (posthumous)
- Master corporal Pierre-Auguste Sarrus
- Master corporal Pierre Schoendoerffer
- Partisan leader and Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito Template:YUG
- Susan Travers - French Foreign Legion
- Marthe Cohn
- Corporal Clarence Van Allen Template:USA
Recent Recipients for ValourEdit
| Name | Unit | Rank | Date of effect | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrien Moulard | Army, Armored Cavalry | Master Corporal (brigadier-chef) | 20 November 2013 | WIA |
| Renan Thierry | Army, Armored Cavalry | Master Corporal (brigadier-chef) | 20 November 2013 | WIA |
| Thomas Guillebaut | Air Force | Master Corporal (caporal chef) | 13 December 2013 | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| John Conte | Army, Foreign Legion | Private First Class (soldat de première classe) | 29 April 2014<ref name="legifrance.gouv.fr">Décret du 8 février 2016 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |
| Geraldino Hoareaeu | Army, Foreign Legion | Private First Class (soldat de première classe) | 29 April 2014<ref name="legifrance.gouv.fr"/> | WIA |
| Marcel Kalafut | Army, Foreign Legion | Staff Sergeant (sergent-chef) | 12 May 2014 | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| Dejvid Nikolic | Army, Foreign Legion | Master Warrant Officer (adjudant-chef) | 17 July 2014 | WIA Nikolic later died from his wounds and was created knight of the Legion of Honour |
| Antoine Le Quinio | Army, Troupes de Marine | Corporal (caporal) | 19 July 2014 | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| Nicolas Vokaer | Army, Troupes de Marine | Corporal (caporal) | 19 July 2014 | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| Teiva Li Hip | Army, Troupes de Marine | Corporal (brigadier) | 28 July 2014 | WIA |
| Alex Tite | Army, Troupes de Marine | Master Corporal 1st class (caporal-chef de première classe) | 28 July 2014 | WIA |
| Mickaël Galeran | Army, Artillery | Master Corporal (brigadier-chef) | 2 October 2014 | WIA |
| Thomas Dupuy | Air Force | Warrant Officer (adjudant) | 3 November 2014 | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| Samir Bajja | Armed Forces Fuel Service | Warrant Officer (agent technique en chef) | 3 December 2014<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | KIA Also knight of the Legion of Honour |
| François Fernandez | Army, Signal Corps | Warrant Officer (adjudant) | 5 December 2014<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |
| Rémy Boullé | Air Force | Master Corporal (caporal-chef) | 16 January 2015<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |
| Ludovic Sailly | Air Force | Warrant Officer (adjudant) | 30 January 2015<ref name="DEFM1519984D">Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |
| Damien Legrand | Air Force | Staff Sergeant (sergent-chef) | 30 January 2015<ref name="DEFM1519984D"/> | WIA |
| Mathieu Paulet | Air Force | Staff Sergeant (sergent-chef) | 30 January 2015<ref name="DEFM1519984D"/> | WIA |
| Franck Poirot | Air Force | Master Corporal (caporal-chef) | 30 January 2015<ref name="DEFM1519984D"/> | WIA |
| Yann Pollet | Army, Corps of Engineers | Staff Sergeant (sergent-chef) | 13 March 2015<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |
| Aurélie Salel | Army, Corps of Engineers | Sergeant (sergent) | 18 March 2015<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA Later died from her wounds and made Knight of the Legion of Honour<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant nomination </ref> |
| Florian Dumont | Army, Corps of Engineers | Master Corporal (caporal-chef) | 4 May 2015<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA Later died from his wounds and made Knight of the Legion of Honour<ref>Décret du 14 septembre 2015 portant nomination </ref> |
| Nicolas Caron | Army | Staff Sergeant (sergent-chef) | 16 October 2015<ref>Décret du 8 février 2016 portant concession de la Médaille militaire</ref> | WIA |