Madam

Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Madam (Template:IPAc-en), or madame (Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a polite and formal form of address for women in the English language, often contracted to ma'am<ref name=maam-webster>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (pronounced Template:IPAc-en in American English<ref name=maam-webster/> and this way but also Template:IPAc-en in British English<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). The term derives from the French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" meaning "my lady". In French, the abbreviation is "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" or "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" and the plural is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (abbreviated "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" or "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"). These terms ultimately derive from the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "mistress".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Use as a form of address

Formal protocol

After addressing her as "Your Majesty" once, it is correct to address the Queen of the United Kingdom as "Ma'am" with the British short pronunciation (rhyming with "jam") for the remainder of a conversation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A letter to the Queen may begin with Madam or May it please Your Majesty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=RoyalFamily>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other female members of the British royal family are usually addressed in conversation first as Your Royal Highness and subsequently as Ma'am.<ref name=RoyalFamily/>

Madam President or Madame President is a formal form of address for female presidents and vice presidents of republics.<ref>Helen Cooper, Madame President: The Extraordinary Journey of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Simon & Schuster, 2017).</ref><ref>Protocol Reference, Office of the Chief of Protocol, United States Department of State.</ref><ref name=Styles>Styles of address, Canadian Heritage (last accessed February 19, 2021).</ref><ref name=FSIProtocol>Protocol for the Modern Diplomat, U.S. Department of State Foreign Service Institute, pp. 2-5 (last reviewed July 2013).</ref> Madam Secretary is a formal form of address for a female member of the United States Cabinet;<ref>DeLysa Burnier, Frances Perkins' Disappearance from American Public Administration: A Genealogy of Marginalization, Administrative Theory & Praxis, Vol. 30, Issue 4 (2008), pp. 398-423.</ref><ref>Madeleine Albright, Madam Secretary: A Memoir (Macmillan: 2012).</ref> a female Attorney General of the United States is formally addressed Madam Attorney General.<ref>Briefing by the Vice President and Attorney General Janet Reno, American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (March 1, 1994).</ref><ref>U.S. Department of Justice: Office of the Inspector General: Semiannual Report to Congress, October 1, 1999 - March 31, 2000.</ref> Madam Speaker is a correct form of address for a female speaker of the United States House of Representatives (e.g. Nancy Pelosi),<ref>Marc Sandalow, Madam Speaker: Nancy Pelosi's Life, Times, and Rise to Power (Rodale Books, 2008).</ref> British House of Commons (e.g. Betty Boothroyd),<ref>Paul Routledge, MadamTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore Speaker: The Life of Betty Boothroyd (HarperCollins: 1995).</ref> Canadian House of Commons,<ref name=Styles/> or Canadian Senate.<ref name=Styles/>

In the United States, between the early 19th century and 1980, justices of the Supreme Court were formally called Mr. Justice (surname). In 1980, the title was dropped in "to avoid the awkward appellation 'Madam JusticeTemplate:'" in anticipation of a woman joining the court.<ref>Linda Greenhouse, Court Dropping Mr. Justice, New York Times (November 19, 1980).</ref> Plaques on chamber doorways reading "Mr. Justice" were removed after Sandra Day O'Connor joined the court in 1981.<ref>Evan Thomas. Behind the Scenes of Sandra Day O'Connor's First Days on the Supreme Court, Smithsonian Magazine (March 2019).</ref> Female members of state supreme courts were previously sometimes styled as Madam Justice, matching the Mr. Justice formally used. Justice Rosemary Barkett of the Florida Supreme Court disliked the title, since she was unmarried, and announced that she would simply be called Justice Barkett, leading all the male justices to drop Mr. from their forms of address.<ref>Justice Rosemary Barkett, Florida Supreme Court (last accessed February 19, 2021).</ref>

In Canada, the appellation Mr./Madam Prime Minister and Mr./Madam Minister is "often heard informally" for prime ministers and other ministers<ref name=Styles/> but that is incorrect and Mr./Madam are not used in addressing a prime minister or other minister. Instead, they are addressed simply as "Prime Minister" or "Minister", as applicable. Madam is an appropriate title in conversation with a female Governor General of Canada or female spouse of a Governor General on second and subsequent reference (after "Your Excellency" or "Excellency" is used on initial reference).<ref name=Styles/> Female members of the Supreme Court are addressed by counsel in hearings as either Madam Justice or Justice; in writing, a female justice is addressed as The Honourable Madame (Chief) Justice.<ref name=SCCanada>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Supreme Court of Canada (last accessed February 19, 2021).</ref> The same style is used for other female members of the Canadian federal courts.<ref name=Styles/>

In the courts of England and Wales, a magistrate is addressed as "Your Worship" or "Sir" (if male) or 'Madam' (if female).<ref name=DebrettsLaw>Forms of Address: Law, Debrett's (last accessed February 19, 2021).</ref> A female judge of the District Court may be addressed in writing as Dear Judge or Dear Madam, while a female judge of the High Court may be addressed as Dear Madam or Dear Dame (first name) or Dear Judge.<ref name=DebrettsLaw/> While in court, however, District Court judges are addressed as Judge (or according to title), and female High Court judges are addressed as My Lady or Mrs/Ms Justice (last name).<ref name=DebrettsLaw/>

In diplomacy, either Madam Ambassador and Ambassador (lastname) is an appropriate formal mode of address for a female ambassador.<ref name=Styles/><ref name=FSIProtocol/> In some countries, the wife of an ambassador also may be referred to as Madam Ambassador.<ref name=FSIProtocol/><ref name=Flowery>Judith Martin, Nicholas Martin & Jacobina Martin, Miss Manners: Flowery courtesy titles are not really needed, Washington Post (March 20, 2016).</ref> This is the case in French-speaking countries,<ref name=FSIProtocol/> but not among U.S. diplomats or the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington.<ref name=Flowery/> In countries where the wives of ambassadors may also be titled Madam Ambassador, the Foreign Service Institute advises U.S. diplomats to "refer to a female ambassador by her last name (Ambassador Jones) to avoid confusion and ensure that she receives her due respect."<ref name=FSIProtocol/> Madam High Commissioner is an appropriate formal mode of spoken address for a female high commissioner.<ref name=Styles/> The title Madam may also be used to address female chargés d'affaires although titles "Mrs." or "Ms." may be used instead.<ref name=FSIProtocol/>

Other settings

Outside the settings of formal protocol, the term ma'am may be used to address a woman with whom one is not familiar.<ref name=Boyd>Laura Boyd, Please Call Me Miss, Not Ma'am, New York Times (September 26, 2013).</ref><ref name=Angier>Natalie Angier, The Politics of Polite, New York Times (August 28, 2010).</ref> The term is "meant to convey respect and graciousness lightly salted with deference."<ref name=Angier/> For example, waiters, store clerks, or police officers may use the term.<ref name=Angier/> Unlike miss, the term ma'am tends to be used for older women, which is one reason some dislike the term.<ref name=Boyd/><ref name=Angier/> Others dislike the term for other reasons, such as the distance it created between the speaker and the person addressed; the "whiff of class distinctions" implied; and "dismissive, stiff and drab" associations.<ref name=Angier/> Others, such as etiquette authority Judith Martin, defend the term as dignified.<ref name=Angier/> Martin writes that Madam (or Ma'am) and Sir are "all-purpose titles for direct address, as a foolproof way of conveying the respect due to people whose names escape you."<ref>Judith Martin, 'Yo' and Other Respectful Titles, Washington Post (February 6, 2000).</ref>

There are regional differences in use; in the United States, ma'am is more commonly heard in the South and Midwest and less common on the East and West Coasts.<ref name=Angier/>

Military and police usage

"Ma'am" is commonly used as a verbal address for female officers of inspector and higher ranks in British police forces.<ref>Forms of Address: The Police: Debrett's.</ref> The word is also used by junior personnel to address female superiors in the British Armed Forces.<ref>Forms of Address: The Armed Forces, Debrett's</ref>

The use of sir and ma'am as forms of address for superiors are common in the United States armed forces.<ref name=Stewart>Alison Stewart, What's In A Title, Ma'am?, NPR, Weekend Edition Saturday (June 20, 2009).</ref> U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force regulations state that ma'am is an appropriate greeting for junior personnel when rendering a hand salute to a female superior.<ref>Personnel—General Salutes, Honors, and Courtesy: 2–1, Army Regulation 600–25.</ref><ref>Personnel—General Customs and Courtesies: 8.1.2, Air Force Instruction 34-1201 (August 18, 2020_.</ref> The use of formal modes of address such as sir or ma'am, ingrained in military culture, is distinct from the American corporate or civilian setting, where most co-workers refer to each other by first name and use of formal titles is considered awkward.<ref name=Hale>Jenny Hale, Translating Military Culture to the Civilian Workplace, U.S. Army Human Resources Command (June 14, 2017).</ref> A 2017 U.S. Army Human Resources Command publication noted that in the Northern United States, "it is common to hear young to middle-aged women say, 'Don't call me ma'am,' as it is seen as a title reserved for older women."<ref name=Hale/>

In the Canadian Forces, "ma'am" is a proper response when coming to attention to a female officer or chief warrant officer calling the roll.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Use in non-native English-speaking societies

The title Madame is commonly used in English for French-speaking women, e.g. "President and Madame De Gaulle."

The terms Madame Mao and Madame Chiang Kai-shek were frequently used in English to refer to Jiang Qing (the wife of Mao Zedong) and Soong Mei-ling (the wife of Chiang Kai-shek), respectively; Madame approximated the Chinese respectful forms of address.<ref>Ross Terrill, Madame Mao: The White Boned Demon (Stanford University Press: 1999).</ref><ref>Thomas A. DeLong, Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Miss Emma Mills: China's First Lady and Her American Friend (McFarland: 2007).</ref><ref>Laura Tyson Li, Madame Chiang Kai-Shek: China's Eternal First Lady (Grove Press: 2007).</ref>