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The bushshrikes are smallish passerine birds. They were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the family Malaconotidae, a name that alludes to their fluffy back and rump feathers.<ref name="rob7">Template:Cite book</ref>
Like their shrike-like relatives, the helmetshrikes, the bushshrikes have arisen in Africa in relatively recent times.<ref name="mac1"/> The family is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but completely absent from Madagascar,<ref name="mac1"/> where the vangas are their closest relatives.<ref name="fuch1">Template:Cite journal</ref> They are found in scrub or open woodland, and less often in marshes, Afromontane or tropical forest. They are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.
Some bushshrikes have flamboyant displays. The male puffbacks puff out the loose feathers on their rump and lower back, to look almost ball-like.
These are mainly insectivorous forest or scrub birds. Up to four eggs are laid in a cup nest in a tree.
TaxonomyEdit
Bock has posited that the family name Malaconotidae was first used by William Swainson in 1824; however, this is disputed by Storrs Olson, who reports that Swainson used the term Malaconoti as a non-defining plural, and placed the genus in the Thamnophilinae within the shrike family Laniidae.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Peters regarded the group as a subfamily, Malaconotinae, of the shrikes. In 1971, the group was raised to family status, with their resemblance to typical shrikes considered to be more a result of convergent evolution.<ref name="Lovegrove 2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
Bushshrikes, helmetshrikes (Prionopidae), ioras (Aegithinidae), vangas (Vangidae) and the Australian butcherbirds, magpies and currawongs (Cracticidae) and woodswallows (Artamidae) are part of a large group of shrike-like birds distributed from Africa to Australia, which have been defined as the superfamily Malaconotoidea by Cacraft and colleagues in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Previously, bushshrikes and helmetshrikes have been considered part of the Old World shrike family, Laniidae, based on shared characteristics including a hooked bill.<ref name="fuchs"/> However, analysis of behavioral and molecular characteristics places Malaconotidae closer to Platysteiridae and Vangidae, suggesting that the birds of the family Laniidae are only distant relatives.<ref name="Harris2000">Template:Cite book</ref>
An intron-comparison study by Fuchs et al. in 2004 provided strong support for the monophyly of the Malaconotidae, but the relationships between the genera of the family remain unclear.<ref name="fuchs"/> The genus Nilaus is morphologically more similar to Prionopidae than the rest of the bushshrike family is,<ref name="Harris2000"/> but the results presented by Fuchs et al. place it within Malaconotidae. This placement is supported by DNA/DNA hybridization data as well as studies of hind limb musculature.<ref name="SibleyAlquist">Template:Cite book</ref> The genus Dryoscopus consists of six small species with similar coloring, which may be closely related to birds of the genus Tchagra.<ref name="fuchs"/> The genus Malaconotus consists of six species which were traditionally believed to be closely related to Telophorus due to similar coloration, but new analyses suggest a close relationship between Malaconotus and Dryoscopus and Tchagra.<ref name="fuchs"/> Strong evidence exists for the monophyly of the genus Laniarius, and Fuchs et al. suggest its closest relatives are the genera Telophorous and Rhodophoneus, but the exact relationships are unclear.<ref name="fuchs"/>
DescriptionEdit
Bushshrikes are small to medium-sized passerines, with short, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. Plumage is typically black, grey, and brown, with some yellow and green. Some bushshrikes have red undersides or red throat-patches.<ref name="stuart">Template:Cite book</ref>
Distribution and habitatEdit
Bushshrikes typically inhabit forest margins or patches of bush in savannah.<ref name="Lovegrove 2010"/> Some species have been known to inhabit coffee plantations,<ref name="ryan04"/> or subsist in sacred groves where riparian vegetation is informally protected from shifting cultivation.<ref name="kuhn1">Template:Cite journal</ref>
BehaviorEdit
Bushshrike diets consist mainly of large insects, but occasionally may include wild fruits and berries<ref name="stuart"/> and sometimes rodents.<ref name = "fuchs">Template:Cite journal</ref> They catch their prey by gleaning among tree foliage.<ref name="Lovegrove 2010"/> They also join mixed bird parties, loose foraging assemblages consisting mainly of passerine birds.<ref name="mac1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Their nests are generally small and neat, and they lay clutches of 2–3 eggs.<ref name="Lovegrove 2010"/>
Bushshrikes have distinctive harsh or guttural calls,<ref name="stuart"/><ref name="ryan04">Template:Cite journal</ref> which may be sung as duets. Male and female birds are able to learn songs of similar complexity, and both sexes have a similarly sized repertoire.<ref name="Gahr98">Template:Cite journal</ref> Songs may be sung to indicate territory or as part of courtship. A 1992 study of the calls of Laniarius funebris found that a male's likelihood of singing a mating song was correlated with his mate's estradiol levels, rather than his own testosterone levels, suggesting that behavioral cues between a mating pair, rather than hormone levels, are more important in triggering mating songs.<ref name="Schwabl">Template:Cite journal</ref>
List of species in taxonomic orderEdit
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ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Bushshrike videos on the Internet Bird Collection