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Mallorca

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Mallorca,Template:Efn or Majorca,Template:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is the largest of the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain, and the seventh largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983.<ref name=MALRCA3>Template:Cite book</ref> There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca: Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). The anthem of Mallorca is "La Balanguera".

Like the other Balearic Islands of Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, the island is a highly popular holiday destination, particularly for tourists from the Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The international airport, Palma de Mallorca Airport, is one of the busiest in Spain; it was used by 28 million passengers in 2017, with use increasing every year between 2012 and 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EtymologyEdit

The name derives from Classical Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "larger island". Later, in Medieval Latin, this became {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "the larger one", in comparison to Menorca, "the smaller one". This was then hypercorrected to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by central Catalan scribes, which later came to be accepted as the standard spelling.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Prehistoric settlementsEdit

File:Talaiot.jpg
Example of prehistoric talaiot in Mallorca
File:Porc Negre.JPG
Archeological evidence indicates the presence of the porc negre (black pig) in pre-Roman settlements.<ref>"The Mallorca Black pig: Production system, conservation and breeding strategies" Template:Webarchive, J. Jaume, M. Gispert, M.A. Oliver, E. Fàbrega, N. Trilla, and J. Tibau. Institut Balear de Biologia Animal. 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2017</ref>

The Balearic Islands were first colonised by humans during the 3rd millennium BC, around 2500–2300 BC from the Iberian Peninsula or southern France, by people associated with the Bell Beaker culture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The arrival of humans resulted in the rapid extinction of the three species of terrestrial mammals native to Mallorca, the dwarf goat-antelope Myotragus balearicus, the giant dormouse Hypnomys morpheus, and the shrew Nesiotites hidalgo, all three of which had been continuously present on Mallorca for over 5 million years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The island's prehistoric settlements are called talaiots or talayots. The people of the islands raised Bronze Age megaliths as part of their Talaiotic culture.<ref name=MALRCA1>Template:Cite book</ref> A non-exhaustive list of settlements is the following:

Phoenicians, Romans, and Late AntiquityEdit

File:Pollentia 34.jpg
Ruins of the Roman city of Pollentia

The Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the Levant, arrived around the eighth century BC and established numerous colonies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:SPS The island eventually came under the control of Carthage in North Africa, which had become the principal Phoenician city. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all of its overseas possessions and the Romans took over.Template:Citation needed

The island was occupied by the Romans in 123 BC under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus. It flourished under Roman rule, during which time the towns of Pollentia (Alcúdia), and Palmaria (Palma) were founded. In addition, the northern town of Bocchoris, dating back to pre-Roman times, was a federated city to Rome.<ref>Oppidum Bocchoritanum Template:Webarchive. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites .</ref> The local economy was largely driven by olive cultivation, viticulture, and salt mining. Mallorcan soldiers were valued within the Roman legions for their skill with the sling (Balearic slingers).<ref>Template:Usurped. North South Guides.</ref>

In 427, Gunderic and the Vandals captured the island. Geiseric, son of Gunderic, governed Mallorca and used it as his base to loot and plunder settlements around the Mediterranean<ref name="The Dark Ages in Mallorca">The Dark Ages in Mallorca Template:Webarchive mallorcaincognita.com, not dated</ref> until Roman rule was restored in 465.

Middle AgesEdit

Late Antiquity and Early Middle AgesEdit

In 534, Mallorca was recaptured from the Vandals by the Eastern Roman Empire, led by Apollinarius. Under Roman rule, Christianity thrived and numerous churches were built.

From 707, the island was increasingly attacked by Muslim raiders from North Africa. Recurrent invasions led the islanders to ask Charlemagne for help.<ref name="The Dark Ages in Mallorca"/>

Islamic MallorcaEdit

File:Arab baths in palma de mallorca.jpg
Arab Baths in Palma

In 902, Issam al-Khawlani(es)(ca) (Template:Langx) conquered the Balearic Islands, and they became part of the Emirate of Córdoba. The town of Palma was reshaped and expanded, and became known as Medina Mayurqa. Later on, with the Caliphate of Córdoba at its height, the Muslims improved agriculture with irrigation and developed local industries.

The caliphate was dismembered in 1015. Mallorca came under rule by the Taifa of Dénia, and from 1087 to 1114, was an independent Taifa. During that period, the island was visited by Ibn Hazm. However, an expedition of Pisans and Catalans in 1114–15, led by Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, overran the island, laying siege to Palma for eight months. After the city fell, the invaders retreated due to problems in their own lands. They were replaced by the Almoravides from North Africa, who ruled until 1176. The Almoravides were replaced by the Almohad dynasty until 1229. Abu Yahya was the last Moorish leader of Mallorca.<ref>Moorish Mallorca Template:Webarchive mallorcaincognita.com, not dated.</ref>

Medieval MallorcaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In the ensuing confusion and unrest, King James I of Aragon, also known as James the Conqueror, launched an invasion which landed at Santa Ponça, Mallorca, on 8–9 September 1229 with Catalan forces consisting of 15,000 men and 1,500 horses. His forces entered the city of Medina Mayurqa on 31 December 1229. In 1230, he annexed the island to his Crown of Aragon under the name Regnum Maioricae.

Modern eraEdit

File:Insula Maioricae Vicentius Mut 1683.jpg
A 1683 map of Mallorca, by Vicente Mut

From 1479, the Crown of Aragon was in dynastic union with that of Castile. The Barbary corsairs of North Africa often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response, the people built coastal watchtowers and fortified churches. In 1570, King Philip II of Spain and his advisors were considering complete evacuation of the Balearic islands.<ref>Template:Usurped, Contemporary Balears.</ref>

In the early 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession resulted in the replacement of that dynastic union with a unified Spanish monarchy under the rule of the new Bourbon Dynasty. The last episode of the War of Spanish Succession was the conquest of the island of Mallorca. It took place on 2 July 1715 when the island capitulated to the arrival of a Bourbon fleet. In 1716, the Nueva Planta decrees made Mallorca part of the Spanish province of Baleares, roughly the same to present-day Illes Balears province and autonomous community.

20th century and todayEdit

A Nationalist stronghold at the start of the Spanish Civil War, Mallorca was subjected to an amphibious landing, on 16 August 1936, aimed at driving the Nationalists from Mallorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. Although the Republicans heavily outnumbered their opponents and managed to push Template:Convert inland, superior Nationalist air power, provided mainly by Fascist Italy as part of the Italian occupation of Majorca, forced the Republicans to retreat and to leave the island completely by 12 September. Those events became known as the Battle of Majorca.<ref>The Spanish Civil War, Hugh Thomas (2001)</ref>

Since the 1950s, the advent of mass tourism has transformed the island into a destination for foreign visitors and attracted many service workers from mainland Spain. The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly.

In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, under the so‑called Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted groups of immigrant workers from outside the European Union, especially from Africa and South America.<ref>"Large rise in number of foreign nationals" Template:Webarchive. The Mallorca. 15 January 2009.</ref>

ArchaeologyEdit

In September 2019, A 3,200-year-old well-preserved Bronze Age sword was discovered by archaeologists under the leadership of Jaume Deya and Pablo Galera on the Mallorca Island in the Puigpunyent from the stone megaliths site called Talaiot.<ref>Emblematic objects for societies in transition. An archaeological and archaeometric study of the sword of Serral de ses Abelles (Puigpunyent, Mallorca). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports Volume 40, Part A, December 2021, 103201</ref> Specialists assumed that the weapon was made when the Talaiotic culture was in critical decline. The sword will be on display at the nearby Majorca Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PalmaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The capital of Mallorca, Palma, was founded as a Roman camp called Palmaria upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city had it subject to several Vandal sackings during the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It was later reconquered by the Byzantines, established by the Moors (who called it Medina Mayurqa), and finally occupied by James I of Aragon. In 1983, Palma became the capital of the autonomous region of the Balearic Islands. Palma has a famous tourist attraction, the cathedral, Catedral-Basílica de Santa María de Mallorca, standing in the heart of the City looking out over the sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

Mallorca has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with mild and relatively wet winters and hot, bright, dry summers. Precipitation in the Serra de Tramuntana is markedly higher. Summers are hot in the plains, and winters are mild, getting colder and wetter in the Tramuntana range, where brief episodes of snow during the winter are not unusual, especially in the Puig Major. The two wettest months in Mallorca are October and November. Storms and heavy rain are not uncommon during the autumn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Weather box

Template:Weather box

Palma de Mallorca sea temperature
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.9
(60.7) 		18.9
(66.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.9
(76.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.0
(77.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		19.7
(67.4) 		16.3
(61.4) 		19.5
(67.2)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2
Average Ultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 2 5.3
Source: seatemperature.org<ref name=seatemperature>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

GeographyEdit

File:Mallorca sentinel2.jpg
Satellite image

GeologyEdit

Mallorca and the other Balearic Islands are geologically an extension of the fold mountains of the Betic Cordillera of Andalusia. They consist primarily of sediments deposited in the Tethys Sea during the Mesozoic era. These marine deposits have given rise to calcareous rocks which are often fossiliferous. The folding of the Betic Cordillera and Mallorcan ranges resulted from subduction of the African Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate with eventual collision.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tectonic movements led to different elevation and lowering zones in the late Tertiary period, which is why the connection to the mainland has been severed at the current sea level.

The limestones, which predominate throughout Mallorca, are readily water-soluble, and have given rise to extensive areas of karst. In addition to limestone, dolomitic rocks are mainly present in the mountainous regions of Mallorca; the Serra de Tramuntana and the Serres de Llevant. The Serres de Llevant also contain marl, the more rapid erosion of which has resulted in the lower elevations of the island's southeastern mountains. Marl is limestone with a high proportion of clay minerals. The eroded material was washed into the sea or deposited in the interior of the island of the Pla de Mallorca, bright marls in the north-east of the island and ferrous clays in the middle of Mallorca, which gives the soil its characteristic reddish colour.<ref>"Ein Felsen, der aus dem Meer gewachsen ist" [German], interview with geologist Rosa Mateos in Mallorca Magazin 13/2009, pp. 62-63.</ref>

Mountains of MallorcaEdit

Mallorca features a landscape characterised by a series of mountain ranges. The highest peak, Puig Major, stands at approximately 1,445 meters (4,741 feet) above sea level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other notable peaks include Puig de Massanella, Puig Tomir, Puig de l'Ofre, and Puig des Teix, all exceeding 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) in elevation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These mountains are part of the Serra de Tramuntana range with numerous peaks over 1,000 meters, offering opportunities for hiking and exploration with views of the Mediterranean. While not towering in comparison to some mountain ranges globally, the Mallorcan mountains provide visitors with diverse outdoor experiences and panoramic views of the island's rugged terrain and coastline.

Ten tallest mountains of MallorcaEdit

Mountain Name Meters Feet
Puig Major 1,445 4,741
Puig de Massanella 1,364 4,475
Puig Tomir 1,103 3,619
Puig de l'Ofre 1,091 3,579
Puig des Teix 1,064 3,491
Serra de Tramuntana (Various Peaks) Over 1,000 Over 3,280
Puig de Galatzó 1,027 3,369
Puig de sa Rateta 1,006 3,301
Puig de sa Font 995 3,264
Puig d'en Galileu 945 3,100

RegionsEdit

File:Mallorca topo.png
Topography

Mallorca is the largest island of Spain by area and second most populated (after Tenerife in the Canary Islands).<ref>Cifra de población referida al 1 January 2009 según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mallorca has two mountainous regions, the Serra de Tramuntana and Serres de Llevant. Both are about Template:Convert in length and occupy the northwestern and eastern parts of the island respectively.

The highest peak in Mallorca is Puig Major, at Template:Convert, in the Serra de Tramuntana.<ref name=MALRCA>Template:Cite book</ref> As this is a military zone, the neighbouring peak at Puig de Massanella is the highest accessible peak at Template:Convert. The northeast coast comprises two bays: the Badia de Pollença and the larger Badia d'Alcúdia.

The northern coast is rugged and has many cliffs. The central zone, extending from Palma, is a generally flat, fertile plain known as Es Pla. The island has a variety of caves both above and below the sea – two of the caves, the above sea level Coves dels Hams and the Coves del Drach, also contain underground lakes and are open to tours. Both are located near the eastern coastal town of Porto Cristo. Small uninhabited islands lie off the southern and western coasts; the Cabrera Archipelago is administratively grouped with Mallorca (in the municipality of Palma), while Dragonara is administratively included in the municipality of Andratx. Other notable areas include the Alfabia Mountains, Es Cornadors and Cap de Formentor. The Cap de Formentor is one of the places where the tourists can enjoy the pleasure of its beach which is golden and very thin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

World Heritage SiteEdit

The Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MunicipalitiesEdit

File:Mapa camarques2.jpg
Municipalities of Majorca
File:Mallorca2021OSM.png
Enlargeable, detailed map of Mallorca and outlying islands

The island (including the small offshore islands of Cabrera and Dragonera) is administratively divided into 53 municipalities. The areas and populations of the municipalities (according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spain) are:

Municipality Area
(km2) 		Census Population
1 November 2001 		Census Population
1 November 2011 		Census Population
1 January 2021 		Estimated Population
1 January 2023
Alaró 45.7 4,050 5,273 5,800 5,948
Alcúdia 60.0 12,500 18,914 20,694 21,725
Algaida 89.8 3,749 5,272 6,013 6,230
Andratx 81.5 7,753 11,234 11,780 12,096
Ariany 23.1 766 892 906 976
Artà 139.8 6,176 7,562 8,180 8,324
Banyalbufar 18.1 517 559 541 578
Binissalem 29.8 5,166 7,640 8,931 9,225
Búger 8.29 950 1,014 1,089 1,152
Bunyola 84.7 5,029 6,270 7,115 7,343
Calvià 145.0 35,977 49,807 51,831 53,496
Campanet 34.6 2,309 2,536 2,654 2,785
Campos 149.7 6,360 9,712 11,471 11,817
Capdepera 54.9 8,239 11,281 12,212 12,585
Consell 13.7 2,407 3,778 4,240 4,291
Costitx 15.4 924 1,113 1,398 1,520
Deià 15.2 654 684 686 688
Escorca 139.4 257 258 183 195
Esporles 35.3 4,066 4,845 5,153 5,283
Estellencs 13.4 347 363 326 361
Felanitx 169.8 14,882 18,045 18,211 18,636
Fornalutx 19.5 618 695 681 715
Inca 58.3 23,029 30,359 33,719 34,459
Lloret de Vistalegre 17.4 981 1,308 1,469 1,591
Lloseta 12.1 4,760 5,690 6,318 6,453
Llubí 34.9 1,806 2,235 2,405 2,462
Llucmajor 327.3 24,277 35,995 38,475 39,156
Manacor 260.3 31,255 40,348 44,878 46,614
Mancor de la Vall 19.9 892 1,321 1,570 1,643
Maria de la Salut 30.5 1,972 2,122 2,235 2,333
Marratxí 54.2 23,410 34,538 38,351 39,455
Montuïri 41.1 2,344 2,856 3,061 3,142
Muro 58.6 6,107 7,010 7,547 7,842
Palma 208.7 333,801 402,044 424,837 430,640
Petra 70.0 1,911 2,876 3,051 3,151
Pollença 151.7 13,808 16,057 16,903 17,260
Porreres 86.9 4,069 5,459 5,630 5,749
Puigpunyent 42.3 1,250 1,878 2,073 2,090
Santa Eugènia 20.3 1,224 1,686 1,774 1,870
Santa Margalida 86.5 7,800 11,725 12,830 13,231
Santa Maria del Camí 37.6 4,959 6,443 7,526 7,579
Santanyí 124.9 8,875 12,427 12,364 12,561
Sant Joan 38.5 1,634 2,029 2,173 2,204
Sant Llorenç des Cardassar 82.1 6,503 8,490 9,058 9,378
Sa Pobla 48.6 10,388 12,999 14,064 14,296
Selva 48.8 2,927 3,699 4,113 4,289
Sencelles 52.9 2,146 3,113 3,616 3,876
Ses Salines 39.1 3,389 5,007 5,021 5,032
Sineu 47.7 2,736 3,696 4,156 4,387
Sóller 42.8 10,961 13,882 13,621 13,747
Son Servera 42.6 9,432 11,915 12,072 12,129
Valldemossa 42.9 1,708 1,990 2,047 2,053
Vilafranca de Bonany 24.0 2,466 2,984 3,553 3,691

ComarquesEdit

PopulationEdit

Mallorca is the most populous island in the Balearic Islands and the second most populous island in Spain, after Tenerife,<ref name="popdataboe">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the Canary Islands, being also the fourth most populous island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, Sardinia and Cyprus.<ref>Mallorca, cuarta isla más poblada del Mediterráneo Template:Webarchive, ver 1 January 2016</ref> It had a Census population of 920,605 inhabitants at the start of 2021,<ref name="Estadística, Madrid 2021">Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2021.</ref> and an official estimate of 940,332 at the start of 2023.<ref name="Estadística, Madrid 2023">Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2023.</ref>

EconomyEdit

File:Cala Llombards 04.jpg
The beaches in the southeast of Mallorca are popular tourist attractions.
File:0.5. Mar Mediterrània - Serra de Tramuntana. Torrent de Pareis. (Escorca, Mallorca).jpg
The main base of the economy of Mallorca is tourism. Escorca (Serra de Tramuntana).

Since the 1950s, Mallorca has become a major tourist destination, and the tourism business has become the main source of revenue for the island.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The island's popularity as a tourist destination has steadily grown since the 1950s, with many artists and academics choosing to visit and live on the island. The number of visitors to Mallorca continued to increase with holiday makers in the 1970s approaching 3 million a year. In 2010 over 6 million visitors came to Mallorca. In 2013, Mallorca was visited by nearly 9.5 million tourists, and the Balearic Islands as a whole reached 13 million tourists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, ten million tourists visited the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The rapid growth of the tourism industry has led to some locals protesting the effects of mass tourism on the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mallorca has been jokingly referred to as the 17th Federal State of Germany, due to the high number of German tourists,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although people from the island reject this label and deem it "an insult".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Due to a high number of expats choosing to settle down in the area, Mallorca has recently also become a business hub economy of its own, due to a high number of particularly foreign enterprises choosing to either relocate, or expand, to the island.

Attempts to build illegally caused a scandal in 2006 in Port Andratx that the newspaper El País named "caso Andratx".<ref name="elpais06">Template:Cite news</ref> A main reason for illegal building permits, corruption and black market construction is that communities have few ways to finance themselves other than through permits.<ref name="wdr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The former mayor was incarcerated in 2009 after being prosecuted for taking bribes to permit illegal house building.<ref name="elpais09">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Top 10 arrivals by nationalityEdit

Data from Institute of Statistics of Balearic Islands<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rank Country, region, or territory 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
1 Germany 3,237,745 3,731,458 3,710,313 3,450,687 3,308,604 2,224,709
2 United Kingdom 1,985,311 2,165,774 2,105,981 1,986,354 1,898,838 1,324,294
3 Spain 1,059,612 1,088,973 985,557 1,192,033 1,195,822 759,825
4 Nordic countries 641,920 758,940 758,637 668,328 572,041 387,875
5 Benelux 345,837 366,130 363,911 360,973 368,930 284,845
6 Switzerland 325,241 334,871 312,491 292,226 280,401 188,826
7 France 323,241 328,681 337,891 349,712 316,124 187,589
8 Italy 203,520 165,473 154,227 173,680 200,851 135,535
9 Austria 163,477 175,530 160,890 138,287 181,993 107,991
10 Ireland 104,556 100,059 104,827 115,164 158,646 68,456

Politics and governmentEdit

File:Official Emblem of the Mallorca Island Council.svg
Emblem of the Mallorca Insular Council

Regional governmentEdit

Template:See also The Balearic Islands, of which Mallorca forms part, are one of the autonomous communities of Spain. As a whole, they are currently governed by the People's Party of the Balearic Islands (PP), with Marga Prohens as their President.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Insular governmentEdit

The specific government institution for the island is the Template:Ill commonly known as Council of Mallorca, created in 1978.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

It is responsible for culture, roads, railways (see Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca) and municipal administration. As of September 2023, Template:Ill (PP) serves as president of the Insular Council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Results of the elections to the Council of MallorcaEdit

Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituency of Mallorca. Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Council.

File:Official Emblem of the Mallorca Island Council.svg
Island Councilors of the Council of Mallorca since 1978
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Election Distribution President
1979<ref>https://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/sites/localsite/collect/mayurqa/index/assoc/Mayurqa_/2021v03p/107.dir/Mayurqa_2021v03p107.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref>
style="background:Template:Party color; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 style="background:Template:Party color; width:15em; color:white;"| 15
Jeroni Albertí (UCD) Template:Small rowspan="2" style="background:Template:Party color;"|
Template:Ill (UCD) Template:Small
1983
style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:11em; color:white;"| 11 style="background:Template:Party color; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 style="background:Template:Party color; width:11em; color:white;"| 11
Jeroni Albertí (UM) style="background:Template:Party color;"|
1987
style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:11em; color:white;"| 11 style="background:Template:Party color; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 style="background:Template:Party color; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 style="background:Template:Party color; width:13em; color:white;"| 13
Template:Ill (PP) rowspan="2" style="background:Template:Party color;"|
1991
style="background:Template:Party color; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 style="background:Template:Party color; width:11em; color:white;"| 11 1 style="background:Template:Party color; width:18em; color:white;"| 18
1995
style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 style="background:Template:Party color; width:8em; color:white;"| 8 style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:16em; color:white;"| 16
Template:Ill (UM) rowspan="3" style="background:Template:Party color;"|
1999
style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 style="background:Template:Party color; width:8em; color:white;"| 8 style="background:Template:Party color; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 style="background:Template:Party color; width:16em; color:white;"| 16
2003
style="background:Template:Party color; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 style="background:Template:Party color; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 style="background:Template:Party color; width:9em; color:white;"| 9 style="background:Template:Party color; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 style="background:Template:Party color; width:16em; color:white;"| 16
2007
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Francina Armengol (PSIB–PSOE) style="background:Template:Party color;"|
2011
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2015
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Miquel Ensenyat (MÉS) style="background:Template:Party color;"|
2019
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Template:Ill (PSIB–PSOE) style="background:Template:Party color;"|
2023
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Template:Ill (PP) style="background:Template:Party color;"|

CultureEdit

Archduke Ludwig Salvator of AustriaEdit

File:192 Monument a l'arxiduc Lluís Salvador, jardins de la Cartoixa (Valldemossa).jpg
A sculpture of Ludwig Salvator in Mallorca

Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria (Template:Langx) was a pioneer of tourism in the Balearic Islands. He first arrived on the island in 1867, travelling under his title "Count of Neuendorf". He later settled in Mallorca, buying up wild areas of land in order to preserve and enjoy them. Nowadays, a number of hiking routes are named after him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ludwig Salvator loved the island of Mallorca. He became fluent in Catalan, carried out research into the island's flora and fauna, history, and culture to produce his main work, Die Balearen, a comprehensive collection of books about the Balearic Islands, consisting of 7 volumes. It took him 22 years to complete.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Nowadays, several streets or buildings on the island are named after him (i.e., Arxiduc Lluís Salvador).

Chopin in MallorcaEdit

File:Fryderyk Chopin Valldemosa.jpg
Chopin's piano in Valldemossa, Mallorca

The Polish composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin, together with French writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), resided in Valldemossa in the winter of 1838–39. Apparently, Chopin's health had already deteriorated and his doctor recommended that he go to the Balearic Islands to recuperate, where he still spent a rather miserable winter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Nonetheless, his time in Mallorca was a productive period for Chopin. He managed to finish the Preludes, Op. 28, that he started writing in 1835. He was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.<ref>Zamoyski (2010), p. 168 (loc. 2646).</ref>

LiteratureEdit

French writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), at that time in a relationship with Chopin, described her stay in Mallorca in A Winter in Majorca, published in 1855. Other famous writers used Mallorca as the setting for their works. While on the island, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío started writing the novel El oro de Mallorca, and wrote several poems, such as La isla de oro.<ref name=cervantes>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The poet Miquel Costa i Llobera wrote in 1875 his famous ode, the Pine of Formentor, as well as other poems concerning old Mallorcan traditions and fantasies. Many of the works of Baltasar Porcel take place in Mallorca.

File:Pollenca, lápida casa natal Miquel Costa I LLobera.jpg
House of the poet Miquel Costa i Llobera

Agatha Christie visited the island in the early 20th century and stayed in Palma and Port de Pollença.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She would later write the book Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories, a collection of short stories, of which the first one takes place in Port de Pollença, starring Parker Pyne.

Jorge Luis Borges visited Mallorca twice, accompanied by his family.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He published his poems La estrella (1920) and Catedral (1921) in the regional magazine Baleares.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The latter poem shows his admiration for the monumental Cathedral of Palma.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Nobel Prize winner Camilo José Cela came to Mallorca in 1954, visiting Pollença, and then moving to Palma, where he settled permanently.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 1956, Cela founded the magazine Papeles de Son Armadans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is also credited as founder of Alfaguara.

File:Lápida Robert Graves.jpg
Grave of Robert Graves

The English writer and poet Robert Graves moved to Mallorca with his family in 1946. The house is now a museum. He died in 1985 and was buried in the small churchyard on a hill at Deià.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ira Levin set part of his dystopian novel This Perfect Day in Mallorca, making the island a centre of resistance in a world otherwise dominated by a computer.

Music and danceEdit

The Ball dels Cossiers is the island's traditional dance. It is believed to have been imported from Catalonia in the 13th or 14th century, after the Aragonese conquest of the island under King Jaime I.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the dance, three pairs of dancers, who are typically male, defend a "Lady," who is played by a man or a woman, from a demon or devil. Another Mallorcan dance is Correfoc, an elaborate festival of dance and pyrotechnics that is also of Catalan origin. The island's folk music strongly resembles that of Catalonia, and is centered around traditional instruments like the xeremies (bagpipe) and guitarra de canya (a reed or bone xylophone-like instrument suspended from the neck).<ref name=MyGuide>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While folk music is still played and enjoyed by many on the island, a number of other musical traditions have become popular in Mallorca in the 21st century, including electronic dance music, classical music, and jazz, all of which have annual festivals on the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ArtEdit

Joan Miró, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist, had close ties to the island throughout his life. He married Pilar Juncosa in Palma in 1929 and settled permanently in Mallorca in 1954.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró in Mallorca has a collection of his works. Es Baluard in Palma is a museum of modern and contemporary art which exhibits the work of Balearic artists and artists related to the Balearic Islands.

FilmEdit

The Evolution Mallorca International Film Festival is the fastest growing Mediterranean film festival and has taken place annually every November since 2011, attracting filmmakers, producers, and directors globally. It is hosted at the Teatro Principal in Palma de Mallorca.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

Mallorcan cartographic schoolEdit

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File:Majorca and Minorca by Piri Reis.jpg
Map of Mallorca and Menorca by the Ottoman admiral Piri Reis

Mallorca has a long history of seafaring. The Majorcan cartographic school or the "Catalan school" refers to a collection of cartographers, cosmographers, and navigational instrument makers who flourished in Mallorca and partly in mainland Catalonia in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. Mallorcan cosmographers and cartographers developed breakthroughs in cartographic techniques, namely the "normal portolan chart", which was fine-tuned for navigational use and the plotting by compass of navigational routes, prerequisites for the discovery of the New World.

CuisineEdit

File:Ensaimada.JPG
Ensaïmades, a type of Mallorcan pastry

In 2005, there were over 2,400 restaurants on the island of Mallorca according to the Mallorcan Tourist Board, ranging from small bars to full restaurants.Template:Citation needed Olives and almonds are typical of the Mallorcan diet. Among the foods that are typical from Mallorca are sobrassada, arròs brut (saffron rice cooked with chicken, pork and vegetables), and the sweet pastry ensaïmada. Also Pa amb oli is a popular dish.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Herbs de Majorca is a herbal liqueur.

LanguageEdit

The two official languages of Mallorca are Catalan and Spanish,<ref name="web.parlamentib.es">Article 4 of the {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a dialect of the former being the indigenous language of Mallorca.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The local dialect of Catalan spoken in the island is Mallorquí, with slightly different variants in most villages. Education is bilingual in Catalan and Spanish, with some teaching of English.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2012, the then-governing People's Party announced its intention to end preferential treatment for Catalan in the island's schools to bring parity to the two languages of the island. It was said that this could lead Mallorcan Catalan to become extinct in the fairly near future, as it was being used in a situation of diglossia in favour of the Spanish language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, following a May 2015 election that swept a pro-Catalan party into power, this policy was dropped.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

TransportationEdit

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File:Spain Mallorca Island Railway Network.png
Mallorca current railways
File:BadiaExpressCalaMillor.JPG
Badia Express Cala Millor

A trackless train is in operation in several tourist areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Thursday, 10 September 2020</ref>

Water transportEdit

There are approximately 79 ferries between Mallorca and other destinations every week, most of them to mainland Spain.

CyclingEdit

One of Europe's most popular cycling destinations, Mallorca cycling routes such as the popular 24 km cycle track (segregated cycle lane) which runs between Porto Cristo and Cala Bona via Sa Coma and Cala Millor are must rides.

Renowned MallorcansEdit

File:Ars Magna de Ramon Llull.jpg
Ars magna, by Ramon Llull

Some of the earliest famous Mallorcans lived on the island before its reconquest from the Moors. Famous Mallorcans include:

Notable residents, alive in modern timesEdit

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  • Eaktay Ahn (1906–1965), founder of the Balearic Symphony Orchestra and composer of the Korean national anthem, lived in Mallorca from 1946 until his death in 1965.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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GalleryEdit

  • Cathedral palma mallorca spain 2007 08 15.jpg

    La Seu, Palma Cathedral

  • Castillo de Bellver.jpg

    Bellver Castle

  • PuigMajor5.jpg

    Lakes Cúber and Gorg Blau, Serra de Tramuntana

  • Puig Major 21.jpg

    Puig Major, highest peak in Mallorca

  • Valldemossa 2003.jpg

    Valldemossa

  • Torrente de Pareis from boat 02.jpg

    Sa Calobra, Escorca

  • Cap Formentor.jpg

    Cap de Formentor

  • Porta Pollença Sunrise Bird.jpg

    Sunrise across Pollensa Bay, Port de Pollença

  • Cap de ses Salines.jpg

    Cap de Ses Salines

  • Spain mallorca cala agulla a.jpg

    Cala Agulla, Capdepera

  • Mallorca schönste Strände Cala Amarador (30182046834).jpg

    Aerial of Cala Amarador beach

  • Mallorca schönste Strände Westküste Bucht (30697030362).jpg

    Aerial of Cala Llombards beach

  • Mallorca Palma Strand (30725674811).jpg

    Platja de Palma beach

  • Mallorca Platja de Palma Strand (30178917243).jpg

    Aerial of Platja de Palma beach

  • Vista parcial de Deià (3).jpg

    Deià

  • Sa Foradada (Na Foradada).jpg

    Sa Foradada

  • 1. Port de Sóller (Mallorca).jpg

    Port de Sóller

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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