Mangaluru
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Mangaluru ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}),<ref>See #Etymology section to view the city's name in other languages.</ref> formerly called Mangalore (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), is a major industrial port city in the Indian state of Karnataka and on the west coast of India. It is located between the Laccadive Sea and the Western Ghats about Template:Cvt west of Bengaluru, the state capital, Template:Convert north of Karnataka–Kerala border and Template:Convert south of Goa. Mangaluru is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 Template:As of national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves.
The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new port was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major port of India that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest container port. Mangaluru has been ruled by several major powers, including the Mauryan empire, Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, and Keladi Nayaks. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangaluru remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956.
Mangaluru is one of the fastest developing cities in India. The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bengaluru. Mangaluru is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. Mangaluru City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil.
Mangaluru is included as one of the cities in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has an average elevation of Template:Cvt above mean sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its own international airport which is around 15 km from the city centre.
EtymologyEdit
Mangaluru was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or a synonym of the goddess Tara of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect.<ref name=Sadasivan>Template:Cite book</ref> According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar<ref name="Swami2013">Template:Cite book</ref> renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition.<ref name='namespast'>Template:Cite news</ref> Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.<ref name="Swami2013"/><ref name='matsyendranath'>Template:Cite book</ref> She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangaluru because she fell ill on the way.<ref name='matsyendranath'/> When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.<ref name="Kudva1972">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Swami2013"/> The city was named for the temple.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE when Pandyan King Chettian called the city Mangalapuram.<ref name='namespast'/> The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref name='namespast'/> According to K.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during Vijayanagara rule.<ref name="can">Template:Cite news</ref> Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as Mangalapura.<ref name="can"/> During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').<ref name="can"/> In the Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city).<ref name="can"/> Mangaluru was historically an important centre of Indian Ocean trade on the Malabar coast.<ref name="Manjalūr">Template:Cite book</ref> Hence, it was also known by the name Manjalūr in Arabic.<ref name="Manjalūr"/> During British rule from 1799, the anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation.<ref name="can"/> According to historian George M. Moraes, however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.<ref name="far">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mangaluru's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.<ref name="manynames">Template:Cite news</ref> In Tulu, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Konkani, Mangaluru is referred to as Kodiyal ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), the Byari name for the city is Maikala ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in Malayalam, the city is called "Mangalapuram" ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) meaning auspicious city (same mangala as the Kannada term).<ref name="manynames"/> Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.<ref name="officialname">Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
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Early and medieval historyEdit
Mangaluru's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the first century CE, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while Greek second-century historian Ptolemy referenced a place named "Nitra".<ref name="decayrevival">Template:Cite book</ref> These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore.<ref name='decayrevival'/> In his sixth-century work Christian Topography, Cosmas Indicopleustes (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangaluru) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Kerala Muslim tradition, the Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632).<ref name="Jonathan Goldstein 1999 123">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangaluru, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayani (Koyilandy), and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar; they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="Prange, Sebastian R. 2018">Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> Three of them, Mangaluru, Barkur, and Kasaragod, are in Tulu Nadu.<ref name="ch"/>
Mangaluru is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.<ref name="Shatkin2013">Template:Cite book</ref> In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha.<ref name="Swami2013"/> From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers.<ref name="Puttaswamaiah19802">Template:Cite book</ref> From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,<ref name="sk">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name='tuluacademy'>Template:Cite news</ref> who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.<ref name="sk"/> An Old Malayalam inscription (part of the Ramanthali inscriptions which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore. It can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, in the North Malabar region of Kerala.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>
During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mangaluru in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Doddamane1993">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp
During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangaluru and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur.<ref name="sk" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Often a single governor ruled over both Mangaluru and Barkur rajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp In 1448 Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangaluru en route to the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Doddamane1993" />Template:Rp The Italian traveller Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp
Foundation and early modern historyEdit
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In 1498, European influence in Mangaluru began when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at the nearby St Mary's Islands, just after his arrival at Koyilandy, Kozhikode.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,<ref name="Jayapalan2001">Template:Cite book</ref> whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and Mappila trade.<ref name="sk" /> In 1524, Vasco da Gama ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of Kozhikode had agents at Mangaluru and Basrur.<ref name="sk" /> In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangaluru.<ref name="Wenger2017"/> The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp
In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.<ref name="sk" /> By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.<ref name="Shastry2000">Template:Cite book</ref> The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangaluru. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast.<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [1]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roland E. Miller. Mappila Muslim Culture SUNY Press, 2015</ref>
After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system<ref name="sk" /> and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="tuluacademy" /> The governor of Mangaluru also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.<ref name="sk" />Template:Rp The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624.<ref>Viaggi di Pietro Della Valle il pellegrino, Parte terza, by Pietro Della Valle and Mario Schipano, Rome (1663), pages 222-224.</ref> In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<ref name="Muthanna 1977"/>
In 1763, Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangaluru,<ref name="sch64"> Template:Harvnb</ref> which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangaluru was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,<ref name="autogenerated1">Template:Harvnb</ref> but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.<ref name="can" /><ref name="Thornton">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade.<ref name="jp0687">Template:Harvnb</ref> The main commodity of export was rice; it went to Muscat, Bombay, Goa, and Malabar.<ref name="sk" /> Supari (Betel-nut) was exported to Bombay, Surat, and Kutch.<ref name="sk" /> Sandalwood and black pepper were exported to Bombay.<ref name="sk" />
Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangaluru tiles.<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,<ref name="Bhat2001"/>Template:Rp which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency.<ref name="Bhat2001">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Later modern and contemporary historyEdit
On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangaluru with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).<ref name="far"/>Template:Rp The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru was linked to the Southern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.<ref name="so">Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru was a major source of educated workers to Bombay, Bengaluru, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.<ref name="Shatkin2013" />
The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangaluru being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.<ref name="sorg1956">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="skdg">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Mangaluru is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.<ref name="Shatkin2013" /><ref name='container-port'>Template:Cite news</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.<ref name="Panda1991">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangaluru develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
GeographyEdit
Mangaluru is located on the western coast of India at Template:Coord in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.<ref name="Mangalore, India Page">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has an average elevation of Template:Cvt above mean sea level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.<ref name="urb">Template:Cite book</ref>
Mangaluru is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.<ref name="Mangalore, India Page"/> As a municipal entity the city spans Template:Cvt.<ref name="area-info"/> The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.<ref name="vegetation-info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.<ref name="MCCwater">Template:Harvnb</ref> Coconut, palm, and ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.<ref name="vegetation-info"/>
The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to Template:Cvt from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.<ref name="urb"/> The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref>
ClimateEdit
Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangaluru has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the southwest monsoon.<ref name="climatetype">Template:Cite journal</ref> It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.<ref name="climatetype"/> Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.<ref name="shri">Template:Harvnb</ref> The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January.<ref name="shri"/> Mangaluru experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The driest and least humid months are from December to February.<ref name="Wbase">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below Template:Cvt and drop to about Template:Cvt at night.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur is Template:Cvt on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is Template:Cvt on 19 November 1974.<ref name="imd-weather">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangaluru has never reached Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is Template:Cvt on 22 June 2003.<ref name="imd-weather"/> In 1994, Mangaluru recorded its highest annual rainfall at Template:Cvt.<ref name= tutiempo >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Weather box Template:Weather box Template:Weather box
EconomyEdit
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Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.<ref name="scan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bengaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.<ref name="container-port" /> It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.<ref name="ind" /> The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of Template:INRConvert during 2012–13<ref name="customs201213">Template:Cite news</ref> and Template:INRConvert Template:As of.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During 2012–13, MRPL and MCF contributed Template:INRConvert and Template:INRConvert, respectively, to the state's revenue.<ref name="customs201213" /> Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and timber.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The city's major chemical industries include BASF,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Total Oil India Limited,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Hindustan Unilever.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangaluru and Padur to ensure energy security.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Out of the 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near Tannirbavi in Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such as SGS and Bureau Veritas have their offices in Mangaluru.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cognizant,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Thomson Reuters<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> have their offices at Mangaluru.<ref name="ind">Template:Cite news</ref> Mphasis' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city.<ref name="mphasis">Template:Cite news</ref> IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University have been constructed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has planned to invest Template:INRConvert and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at Derebail in Mangaluru, similar to Electronic City, spanning an area of 100 acres.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL) is a startup incubation centre situated in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corporation Bank,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Canara Bank,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Vijaya Bank<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> were the three nationalised banks established in Mangaluru during the first half of the 20th century. Mangaluru is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd.,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and SCDCC Bank<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> were the scheduled banks established in Mangaluru.
Syngene International which is a contract research arm of Biocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangaluru, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017–18.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.<ref name="fishing-occup">Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.<ref name="ind"/><ref name="scan"/> The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.<ref name="scan"/>
DemographicsEdit
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In 2021 the population of Mangaluru city was 724,159.<ref name="pop2021" /> According to the 2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent.<ref name="table 3" /> About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years.<ref name="table 3" /> The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively.<ref name="MCCSocio">Template:Harvnb</ref> About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangaluru city which was 1.55 percent of the total population.<ref name="census-mlr-2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangaluru city was 0.83 Template:As of.<ref name="hdi" />
ReligionsEdit
Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangaluru, and Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Vishwakarma, Padmashali, Brahmins, and Daivadnyas are the major communities among Hindus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalurean society; Mangalorean Catholics comprise the city's largest Christian community.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Tulu and Kannada.<ref name="sch93">Template:Harvnb</ref> Anglo-Indians were also part of the Mangalurean Christian Community.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys who speak the Beary language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence).<ref name="beary-language">Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru also has a small group of Urdu-speaking Dakhini Muslims.<ref name="urdu">Template:Cite book</ref> The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangaluru is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Prange, Sebastian R. 2018"/><ref name="Jonathan Goldstein 1999 123"/><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008"/><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987"/><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007"/> Mangaluru contains a Gurdwara and Baháʼí prayer centre established in 1972.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
LanguagesEdit
Mangaluru is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.<ref name="manynames" /> The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangalapuram in Malayalam, and Mangaluru in Kannada.<ref name="manynames" /> Among most of the residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it.<ref name="manynames" /> There are also smaller communities of Tuluva Jains,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gujaratis,<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> Tamils,<ref name="manylanguages">Template:Cite news</ref> and Marathis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tulu is a predominant language in Mangaluru and Kannada is the administrative language of Mangaluru, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, Tulu is spoken as a first language by 39.24% of the population, Konkani by 16.42%, Kannada by 15.11%,Beary by 13.13%, Malayalam by 6.39%,Urdu by 2.52%,Hindi by 2.10%,Tamil by 1.91%,Telugu by 0.96%, and other languages are spoken by 2.23%.<ref name='languages2011'/> Unlike other cities in Karnataka where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangaluru, and Konkani is the second most spoken language in Mangaluru.<ref name='languages2011'/>
Government and public servicesEdit
Civic administrationEdit
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Mangaluru has a city area of Template:Cvt.<ref name="area-info" /> Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.<ref name="The Hindu">Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are called corporators, one from each of the city's 60 wards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Mangaluru Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangaluru Smart City Limited (MSCL).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Until the Delimitation commission's revised the Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies, Mangaluru contributed two members to the Lok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore being represented by one Member of Parliament (MP).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Additionally Mangaluru sends three members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mangalore City South, Mangalore City North, and Mangalore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Mangaluru City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HealthcareEdit
The city is served by various hospitals such as the KMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),<ref name='fmci'>Template:Cite news</ref> AJ Hospital, and Wenlock Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of KMC Mangaluru has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.<ref name="wenlock">Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.<ref name='medical'>Template:Cite news</ref> From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.<ref name='medical' /> Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the United States.<ref name='medical' /> At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.<ref name='medical' /> The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the Gulf countries. Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangaluru.<ref name='medical' />
Utility servicesEdit
In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, Template:Cvt from Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="kh">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.<ref name="kh" /> The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company Suez Environnement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Mangaluru is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Airtel and DataOne by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
EducationEdit
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The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. Deralakatte is a university and Medical town in Mangaluru where Universities like Mangalore University, Nitte, Yenepoya, Father Mullers, and Kanachur are situated.<ref name="educationcorridor">Template:Cite news</ref> In schools and colleges which are below university-level, the media of instruction are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities.<ref name="progress-sk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Schools and colleges in Mangaluru are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE),<ref name="icsetheresa">Template:Cite news</ref> the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Here are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangaluru, and their years of establishmentTemplate:Div col
- Basel Evangelical School (1838)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Milagres School (1848)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Rosario High School (1858)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- University College (1868)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- St. Ann's High School (1870)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- St. Aloysius College (1879)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Canara High School (1891)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- St. Agnes PU College (1921)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- St. Agnes College (Autonomous) (1921)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Sacred Hearts' School (1943)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Cascia High School (1946)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Carmel School (1951)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Kasturba Medical College which was established in 1953, was India's first private medical college and Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987.<ref name="deccanmlr">Template:Cite news</ref> A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at Mannagudda.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by ISRO.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TransportEdit
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Mangaluru is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about Template:Cvt north-east of Mangalore city centre.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This airport is accredited by the Airports Council International (ACI) under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Five National Highways pass through Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NH-66 (previously known as NH-17<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>), which runs from Panvel, Maharashtra, to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, passes through Mangaluru in a north–south direction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to Bengaluru and Vellore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangaluru to Shimoga.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NH-73, a Template:Cvt-long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NH-275 also connects Mangaluru with Bengaluru via Mysuru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-75.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a Template:Cvt stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mangaluru's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangaluru are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangaluru with other parts of the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> KSRTC JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Rail connectivity in Mangaluru was established in 1907;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route.<ref name="so" /> The city has three railway stations; Mangalore Central at Hampankatta, Mangalore Junction at Padil, and Surathkal railway station.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with Sakleshpur and Hassan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and passenger traffic in December 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Mumbai, Pune, Bhatkal, Karwar, Surat, Ajmer, and Margao through the Konkan Railway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mangaluru Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.<ref name="mcc4">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name='container-port' /> Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CultureEdit
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Music and danceEdit
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangaluru. Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Pilivesha (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara.<ref name="DAJ">Template:Cite news</ref>
Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<ref name="DAJ"/> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as Kolkai (sung during Kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.<ref name="DAJ"/>
FestivalsEdit
Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid and Ganesh Chaturthi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (chariot festival) is unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community and is celebrated at the city's Sri Venkatramana Temple.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Mangaluru Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Jain Milan, a committee that consists of Jain families, organises the annual Jain food festival,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Mosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Special night prayers called Taraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Aati, a festival worshiping Kalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Festivals such as Karavali Utsav (coastal festival) and Kudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bhuta Kola (spirit worship) is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in Kerala.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto1">Template:Cite news</ref> Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>'Kori Katta' draws maximum crowd Template:Webarchive Mangalorean.com 14 November 2008</ref> a religious and spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CuisineEdit
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Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Coconut, curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalurean curries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Well-known Mangalorean dishes include kori rotti, neer dosa, pundi (rice ball), patrode, golibaje and Mangalore buns.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like bangude pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), boothai gasi (sardine semi-gravy), anjal fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, and Chicken Ghee Roast.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Konkani Hindu community's specialties include daali thoy (lentil curry), bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry), val val (coconut-milk-based curry), ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad), kadgi chakko (raw jackfruit-coconut curry), paagila podi (spine gourd fries), and chane gashi (chickpea curry).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalorean Catholics' dish sanna-dukra maas (sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; dukra maas—pork), pork bafat, sorpotel,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and mutton biryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pickles such as happala, sandige, and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shendi (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.<ref name="DAJ" /> Vegetarian cuisine, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
MediaEdit
Mangaluru Samachara, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by Hermann Mögling of the Basel Mission.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by Ferdinand Kittel in 1894.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Major national English-language newspapers such as Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Herald and Daijiworld<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> publish localised Mangaluru editions.<ref name="newspapers-mlore">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Madipu (Esteem), Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno (Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure) and Kannik (Offering).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> Beary periodicals published in Mangaluru include Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> Kannada-language newspapers are Udayavani (Morning Voice) by Manipal Press Ltd, Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of Karnataka) and Vijayavani (Voice of Victory)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> by VRL Group, Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha (Kannada Radiance), Varthabharathi (Indian News), Samyukta Karnataka (United Karnataka), and Hosa Digantha (New Horizon).<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city's evening newspapers include Karavali Ale (Waves from the Coast), Mangaluru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice), and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Konkani-language newspaper Kodial Khabar (Mangaluru News) is published fortnightly.<ref name="newspapers-mlore" /> Malayalam newspapers such as Malayala Manorama (Beautiful Malayalam) and Madhyamam (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel Doordarshan provides national and local television coverage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tulu channels are Namma Kudla<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Posa Kural.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 MHz.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Red 93.5 FM.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mangaluru is home to the Tulu film industry which releases one film per month on average.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The Cleansing Rites).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.<ref name="deccanmlr" /> Mangaluru hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.<ref name="FF">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sports and pastimesEdit
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Cricket is a popular sport in Mangaluru.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Local cricket stadia include Mangala Stadium and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore United is a Karnataka Premier League (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore Premier League (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nehru Maidan is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangaluru Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Football is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the Independence Day Cup, which is played on Independence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaluru is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and gymkhanas in Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has an 18-hole golf course<ref name="golf-course">Template:Cite news</ref> at Vamanjoor.<ref name="lostinpilikula">Template:Cite news</ref> U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TourismEdit
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Mangaluru lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.<ref name="bliss">Template:Cite news</ref> The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, Kadri Manjunath Temple, St Aloysius Chapel, the Rosario Cathedral, Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in Bunder.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, Tannirbhavi, NITK beach, Sasihithlu beach, Someshwara beach, Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach.<ref name='bliss'/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, jet ski rides, boating and dolphin viewing;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated in Moodabidri, Template:Cvt north-east of Mangaluru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in Boloor on the banks of Gurupura River;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about Template:Cvt from Mangaluru city centre.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kadri Park, Tagore Park<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tannirbavi Tree Park,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies Template:Convert,<ref name='lostinpilikula'/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> has a zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,<ref name="planetarium3d8k">Template:Cite news</ref> science centre,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a Template:Convert 18-hole golf course.<ref name='golf-course'/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.<ref name='planetarium3d8k'/>
Mangaluru Dasara, a ten-day festival held at Sri Gokarnatheswara temple attracts devotees from across India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over the country during Navaratri.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Sister citiesEdit
Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:
- Template:Flagicon Hamilton, Canada, since 1968<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Flagicon Delta, Canada, since 2010<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
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Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
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Template:Localities in Mangalore Template:Communities in Mangalore