Manidae

Manidae ("spirits") is the only extant family of pangolins.<ref name="web2.utc.edu"/> This family comprises three genera (Manis from subfamily Maninae, Phataginus from subfamily Phatagininae, and Smutsia from subfamily Smutsiinae),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gaubert2018" /> as well as the extinct Fayum pangolin.<ref>Daniel Gebo, D. Tab Rasmussen (1985.) "The Earliest Fossil Pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) from Africa" Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):538</ref>

Classification and phylogeny

History of classification

All species of living pangolin had been assigned to the genus Manis until the late 2000s, when research prompted the splitting of extant pangolins into three genera: Manis, Phataginus, and Smutsia.<ref name="web2.utc.edu">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="KondrashovAgadjanian2012">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Taxonomy

• Family: Manidae (pangolins)
  • Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
    • Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
      • (unranked): northern Asian clade
        • Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chinese pangolin)
        • †Manis hungarica (Kormos, 1934)
      • (unranked): southern Asian clade
        • Manis crassicaudata (Gray, 1827) (Indian pangolin)
        • Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)<ref>Huarong Zhang, Mark P. Miller, Feng Yang, Hon Ki Chan, Philippe Gaubert, Gary Ades, Gunter A. Fischer (2015.) "Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia", Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 4, Pages 414-422</ref><ref name="JingyangHu">Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.) "Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, Manis)" Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543</ref><ref name="Heighton2023"/>
        • †Manis lydekkeri (Dubois, 1908)
        • Subgenus: Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) (Southeast Asian pangolin)
          • Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) (Sunda pangolin)
          • Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1895) (Philippine pangolin)
          • †Manis palaeojavanica (Dubois, 1907) (giant Asian pangolin)
  • (unranked): African clade
    • Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
      • Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
        • Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) (long-tailed pangolin)
        • Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) (tree pangolin)
    • Subfamily: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (large African pangolins)
      • Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
        • Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant pangolin)
        • Smutsia temmincki (Smuts, 1832) (ground pangolin)
        • †Smutsia olteniensis (Terhune, 2021)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Incertae sedis
    • †Manidae sp. [DPC 3972 & DPC 4364] (Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (Fayum pangolin)

See also

• Mammal classification
• Manoidea

External links

• ZSL Pangolin Conservation
• Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
• Tree of Life of Pholidota
• National Geographic video of a pangolin
• Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia (PDF)
• The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis Template:Webarchive (PDF)
• Template:Cite AV media
• Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? The New York Times, March 6, 2020.