Manjushri
Template:Short description Template:Infobox Buddha
Manjushri (Template:Langx) is a bodhisattva who represents prajñā (transcendent wisdom) of the Buddhas in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The name "Mañjuśrī" is a combination of Sanskrit word "mañju" and an honorific "śrī"; it can be literally translated as "Beautiful One with Glory" or "Beautiful One with Auspiciousness". Mañjuśrī is also known by the fuller name of Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref name="Keown, Damien 2003 p.172">Keown, Damien (editor) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN p.172.</ref> literally "Mañjuśrī, Still a Youth" or, less literally, "Prince Mañjuśrī". Another name of Mañjuśrī is Mañjughoṣa.
In Mahāyāna BuddhismEdit
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Scholars have identified Mañjuśrī as the oldest and most significant bodhisattva in Mahāyāna literature.<ref>A View of Manjushri: Wisdom and Its Crown Prince in Pala Period India. Harrington, Laura. Doctoral Thesis, Columbia University, 2002</ref> Mañjuśrī is first referred to in early Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras and through this association, very early in the tradition he came to symbolize the embodiment of prajñā (transcendent wisdom).<ref name="Keown, Damien 2003 p.172"/> The Lotus Sutra assigns him a pure land called Vimala, which according to the Avatamsaka Sutra is located in the East. His pure land is predicted to be one of the two best pure lands in all of existence in all the past, present, and future. When he attains Buddhahood his name will be Universal SightTemplate:Citation needed. In the Lotus Sūtra, Mañjuśrī also leads the Nagaraja's daughter to enlightenment. He also figures in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra in a debate with Vimalakīrti where he is presented as a Bodhisattva who discusses non-duality with him.
An example of a wisdom teaching of Mañjuśrī can be found in the Saptaśatikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (Taishō Tripiṭaka 232).<ref>Template:Citation</ref> This sūtra contains a dialogue between Mañjuśrī and the Buddha on the One Samādhi (Skt. Ekavyūha Samādhi). Sheng-yen renders the following teaching of Mañjuśrī, for entering samādhi naturally through transcendent wisdom: Template:Quote
Vajrayāna BuddhismEdit
Within Vajrayāna Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is a meditational deity and considered a fully enlightened Buddha. In Shingon Buddhism, he is one of the Thirteen Buddhas to whom disciples devote themselves. He figures extensively in many esoteric texts such as the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa<ref name="Keown, Damien 2003 p.172"/> and the Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti. His consort in some traditions is Saraswati.
The Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, which later came to be classified under Kriyātantra, states that mantras taught in the Śaiva, Garuḍa, and Vaiṣṇava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Mañjuśrī.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 129-131.</ref>
IconographyEdit
Mañjuśrī is depicted as a male bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand, representing the realization of transcendent wisdom which cuts down ignorance and duality. The scripture supported by the padma (lotus) held in his left hand is a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra, representing his attainment of ultimate realization from the blossoming of wisdom.
Mañjuśrī is often depicted as riding or seated on a blue lion, as can be seen at Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in Singapore. (see opposite), or sitting on the skin of a lion. This represents the use of wisdom to tame the mind, which is compared to riding or subduing a ferocious lion. In Chinese and Japanese Buddhist art, Mañjuśrī's sword is sometimes replaced with a ruyi scepter, especially in representations of his Vimalakirti Sutra discussion with the layman Vimalakirti.<ref>Davidson, J. LeRoy, "The Origin and Early Use of the Ju-i", Artibus Asiae 1950,13.4, 240.</ref> According to Berthold Laufer, the first Chinese representation of a ruyi was in an 8th-century Mañjuśrī painting by Wu Daozi, showing it held in his right hand taking the place of the usual sword. In subsequent Chinese and Japanese paintings of Buddhas, a ruyi was occasionally represented as a Padma with a long stem curved like a ruyi.<ref>Laufer, Berthold, Jade, a Study in Chinese Archaeology and Religion, Field Museum of Natural History, 1912, 339.</ref>
He is one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas of Chinese Buddhism, the other three being Kṣitigarbha, Avalokiteśvara, and Samantabhadra. In China, he is often paired with SamantabhadraTemplate:Citation needed.
In Tibetan Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is sometimes depicted in a trinity with Avalokiteśvara and VajrapāṇiTemplate:Citation needed.
MantrasEdit
Arapacana mantraEdit
A mantra commonly associated with Mañjuśrī is the following:<ref name="Buswell, Robert 2013. p. 527">Buswell, Robert. Lopez, Donald. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. 2013. p. 527</ref>
- oṃ arapacana dhīḥ
The Arapacana is a syllabary consisting of forty-two letters, and is named after the first five letters: a, ra, pa, ca, na.<ref name="Buswell, Robert 2013. p. 61">Buswell, Robert. Lopez, Donald. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. 2013. p. 61</ref> This syllabary was most widely used for the Gāndhārī language with the Kharoṣṭhī script but also appears in some Sanskrit texts. The syllabary features in Mahāyāna texts such as the longer Prajñāpāramitā texts, the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra, the Lalitavistara Sūtra, the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya.<ref name="Buswell, Robert 2013. p. 61"/> In some of these texts, the Arapacana syllabary serves as a mnemonic for important Mahāyāna concepts.<ref name="Buswell, Robert 2013. p. 61"/> Due to its association with him, Arapacana may even serve as an alternate name for Mañjuśrī.<ref name="Buswell, Robert 2013. p. 527"/>
The Sutra on Perfect Wisdom (Conze 1975) defines the significance of each syllable thus:Template:Citation needed
- A is a door to the insight that all dharmas are unproduced from the very beginning (ādya-anutpannatvād).
- RA is a door to the insight that all dharmas are without dirt (rajas).
- PA is a door to the insight that all dharmas have been expounded in the ultimate sense (paramārtha).
- CA is a door to the insight that the decrease (cyavana) or rebirth of any dharma cannot be apprehended, because all dharmas do not decrease, nor are they reborn.
- NA is a door to the insight that the names (i.e. nāma) of all dharmas have vanished; the essential nature behind names cannot be gained or lost.
Tibetan pronunciation is slightly different and so the Tibetan characters read: Template:IAST (Template:Bo).<ref>[1] - Visible Mantra's website</ref> In Tibetan tradition, this mantra is believed to enhance wisdom and improve one's skills in debating, memory, writing, and other literary abilities. "Template:IAST" is the seed syllable of the mantra and is chanted with greater emphasis and also repeated a number of times as a decrescendo.
Other mantrasEdit
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According to the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, "the ultimate heart essence of Mañjuśrī, which accomplishes all endeavors" is the following mantra:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
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Namaḥ sarvabuddhānām oṁ maṁ
The Sādhanamālā also contains a popular mantra which refers to Mañjuśrī as the "lord of speech" (Vāgīśvara):<ref name=":0">Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh. The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals (2nd Ed.), pp. 113, 116. K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, Calcutta, 1958.</ref>
Oṃ Vāgīśvara Mūḥ
This mantra is very popular in Nepal, where Vāgīśvara Mañjuśrī is a popular deity.<ref name=":0" /> Another Mañjuśrī mantra is the mantra for Mañjuvajra, a tantric form of Mañjuśrī associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, it is:<ref>Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh. The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals (2nd Ed.), pp. 117. K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, Calcutta, 1958.</ref>
Oṃ Mañjuvajra Hūṃ
In Buddhist culturesEdit
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In ChinaEdit
Mañjuśrī is known in China as Wenshu (Template:Zh). Mount Wutai in Shanxi, one of the four Sacred Mountains of China, is considered by Chinese Buddhists to be his bodhimaṇḍa. He was said to bestow spectacular visionary experiences to those on selected mountain peaks and caves there. In Mount Wutai's Foguang Temple, the Manjusri Hall to the right of its main hall was recognized to have been built in 1137 during the Jin dynasty. The hall was thoroughly studied, mapped and first photographed by early twentieth-century Chinese architects Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin.<ref>Liang, Ssucheng. A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture. Ed. Wilma Fairbank. Cambridge, Michigan: The MIT Press, 1984.</ref> These made it a popular place of pilgrimage, but patriarchs including Linji Yixuan and Yunmen Wenyan declared the mountain off limits.<ref>*See Robert M. Gimello, "Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t'ai Shan", in Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China:, ed. Susan Naquin and Chün-fang Yü (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 89–149; and Steven Heine, "Visions, Divisions, Revisions: The Encounter Between Iconoclasm and Supernaturalism in Kōan Cases about Mount Wu-t'ai", in The Kōan, pp. 137–167.</ref>
Mount Wutai was also associated with the East Mountain Teaching.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mañjuśrī has been associated with Mount Wutai since ancient times. Paul Williams writes:<ref>Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. 2000. p. 227</ref>
According to official histories from the Qing dynasty, Nurhaci, a military leader of the Jurchens of Northeast China and founder of what became the Qing dynasty, named his tribe after Mañjuśrī as the Manchus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The true origin of the name Manchu is disputed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Monk Hanshan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is widely considered to be a metaphorical manifestation of Mañjuśrī. He is known for having co-written the following famous poem about reincarnation with monk Shide:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Tibetan Buddhism, Mañjuśrī manifests in a number of different Tantric forms. Yamāntaka (meaning 'terminator of Yama i.e. Death') is the wrathful manifestation of Mañjuśrī, popular within the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. Other variations upon his traditional form as Mañjuśrī include Namasangiti, Arapacana Manjushri, etc. In Tibetan Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is also an yidam. The Emperor Manjushri as a honorific title was also given to Qing emperors such as the Qianlong Emperor.
In the Taoist pantheon, Mañjuśrī is adopted as a Taoist deity known as Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun. This deity appears in the Ming Dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi as a senior disciple of Yuanshi Tianzun, the highest deity in Taoism. However, the books Qunxian Xianpo Tianmen and Western Tang Dynasty Biography state that Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun and Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva are not the same person.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In NepalEdit
According to Swayambhu Purana, the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. It is believed that Mañjuśrī came on a pilgrimage from his earthly abode-Wutaishan (five-peaked mountain) in China. He saw a lotus flower in the center of the lake, which emitted brilliant radiance. He cut a gorge at Chovar with his flaming sword to allow the lake to drain. The place where the lotus flower settled became the great Swayambhunath Stupa, and the valley thus became habitable.
In IndonesiaEdit
In eighth century Java during the Mataram Kingdom, Mañjuśrī was a prominent deity revered by the Sailendra dynasty, patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. The Kelurak inscription (782) and Manjusrigrha inscription (792) mentioned about the construction of a grand Prasada named Vajrāsana Mañjuśrīgṛha (Vajra House of Mañjuśrī) identified today as Sewu temple, located just 800 meters north of the Prambanan. Sewu is the second largest Buddhist temple in Central Java after Borobudur. The depiction of Mañjuśrī in Sailendra art is similar to those of the Pala Empire style of Nalanda, Bihar. Mañjuśrī was portrayed as a youthful handsome man with the palm of his hands tattooed with the image of a flower. His right hand is facing down with an open palm while his left-hand holds an utpala (blue lotus). He also uses the necklace made of tiger canine teeth.
Other cultureEdit
- Manzaširi - A primeval giant in Kalmyk mythology, whose body formed the world. The name is likely a corruption of Manjushri.<ref>Lurker, Manfred. The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons. Routledge. 2004. p. 109. Template:ISBN</ref>
In Hinduism especially in Tantras like Kkuteshvara Tantra and Bhairava Tantra Lord Manjughosha is seen as a manifestation of god Shiva. He has 5 jewels on his head . He is considered as youth in appearance. He holds a sword in one hand and a book on other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is worshipped for gaining knowledge , wealth and his mantra practice may help in conquering devas and daitya ganas.
GalleryEdit
- Hermitage hall 342 - 03.jpg
Mañjuśrī figure from Candi Jago, 14th century Java, Indonesia.
- WLA ima Manjusri.jpg
Mañjuśrī figure brandishing sword of wisdom in Nepal
- COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Zilveren Manjusri beeld afkomstig uit Ngemplak Semongan TMnr 10016132.jpg
Silver figure of Mañjuśrī holding a long-stemmed lotus. Central Java, Indonesia.
- He Chaozong 1.JPG
Blanc de Chine figure of Mañjuśrī holding a ruyi scepter. China, 17th century.
- Manjusri Chua Quan Am.jpg
Mañjuśrī on lion with cintamani. Quan Am Temple, Ho Chi Minh City.
- Monju crossing the sea.jpg
Mañjuśrī crossing the sea. Japan.
- Bodhisattva Manjushri seated in lalitasana, from China, Jin Dynasty, 12th century CE. British Museum.jpg
Bodhisattva Manjushri seated in lalitasana, from China, Jin Dynasty, 12th century CE. British Museum.
- Manjusri, God of Wisdom.jpg
Drawing of Mañjuśrī, Bodhisattva of Wisdom
- 艋舺龍山寺文殊菩薩寶像 20240804.jpg
Statue of Mañjuśrī at Bangka Lungshan Temple, Taipei
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
Further readingEdit
Harrison, Paul M. (2000). Mañjuśrī and the Cult of the Celestial Bodhisattvas, Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 13, 157-193
External linksEdit
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