Marathon, Greece

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Marathon (Demotic Greek: Μαραθώνας, Marathónas; Attic/Katharevousa: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Marathṓn) is a town in Greece and the site of the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE, in which the heavily outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persians. Legend has it that Pheidippides, a Greek herald at the battle, was sent running from Marathon to Athens to announce the victory, which is how the marathon running race was conceived in modern times.Template:Refn Today it is part of East Attica regional unit, in the outskirts of Athens and a popular resort town and center of agriculture.

HistoryEdit

File:Oinoi Frankish Tower - Near Marathon, May 2014 - panoramio.jpg

Ruins of a Frankish tower near Marathon

The name "Marathon" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) comes from the herb fennel, called márathon ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or márathos ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in Ancient Greek,<ref name="marathon(the plant)LSJreference">Template:LSJ.</ref>Template:Refn so Marathon literally means "a place full of fennel".<ref name="Marathon(the place)LSJreference">Template:LSJ.</ref> It is believed that the town was originally named so because of an abundance of fennel plants in the area.

In ancient times, Marathon (Template:Langx) occupied a small plain in the northeast of ancient Attica, which contained four places, Marathon, Probalinthus, Tricorythus, and Oenoe, which originally formed the Tetrapolis, one of the 12 districts into which Attica was divided before the time of Theseus. Here Xuthus, who married the daughter of Erechtheus, is said to have reigned; and here the Heracleidae took refuge when driven out of Peloponnesus, and defeated Eurystheus.<ref>Template:Cite Strabo</ref><ref>Template:Cite Stephanus</ref> The Marathonii claimed to be the first people in Greece who paid divine honours to Heracles, who possessed a sanctuary in the plain.<ref>Template:Cite Pausanias, 1.35.4.</ref> Marathon is also celebrated in the legends of Theseus, who conquered the ferocious bull, which used to devastate the plain.<ref>Plutarch, Thes. 14; Template:Cite Strabo</ref><ref>Template:Cite Pausanias</ref> Marathon is mentioned in Homer's Odyssey in a way that implies that it was then a place of importance.<ref>Template:Cite Odyssey</ref> In mythology, its name was derived from an eponymous hero Marathon, who is described by Pausanias as a son of Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who fled into Attica in consequence of the cruelty of his father.<ref>Template:Cite Pausanias, 2.6.5, 1.15.3, 1.32.4</ref> Plutarch calls him an Arcadian, who accompanied the Dioscuri in their expedition into Attica, and voluntarily devoted himself to death before the battle.<ref>Plutarch, Thes. 32.</ref>

After Theseus united the 12 independent districts of Attica into one state, the name of Tetrapolis gradually fell into disuse; and the four places of which it consisted became Attic demi, Marathon, Tricorythus, and Oenoë belonging to the tribe Aeantis, and Probalinthus to the tribe Pandionis; but Marathon was so superior to the other three, that its name was applied to the whole district down to the latest times. Hence Lucian speaks of "the parts of Marathon about Oenoë".<ref>Μαραθῶνος τὰ περὶ τὴν Οἰνόην, Icaro-Menip. 18.</ref>

Few places have obtained such celebrity in the history of the world as Marathon, on account of the victory which the Athenians here gained over the Persians in 490 BCE (Battle of Marathon). After Miltiades (the general of the Greek forces) defeated Darius' Persian forces, the Persians decided to sail from Marathon to Athens in order to sack the unprotected city. Miltiades ordered all his hoplite forces to march "double time" back to Athens, so that by the time Darius' troops arrived they saw the same Greek force waiting for them.

Although the name Marathon had a positive resonance in Europe in the nineteenth century, for some time that was sullied by the Dilessi murders, which happened nearby in 1870.

In the 19th century and beginning of twentieth century the village was inhabited by an Arvanite population.<ref>Chase, Thomas, Hellas, her monuments and scenery, Sever and Francis, Cambridge, pp. 102–103 [1]</ref><ref>Hichens, The Near East, Dalmatia, Greece and Constantiople, Hodder and Stoght, London, 1913, p. 116. [2]</ref>

File:Plain of Marathon 1.jpg

Plain of Marathon

File:Marathon-See - Staumauer 2011.jpg

View of the Lake Marathon

The sophist and magnate Herodes Atticus was born in Marathon. In 1926, the American company ULEN began construction on the Marathon Dam in a valley above Marathon, in order to ensure water supply for Athens. It was completed in 1929. About 10 km² of forested land were flooded to form Lake Marathon.

File:Statue Niké - Marathon (GRA2) - 2022-03-21 - 3.jpg

Marathon battle memorial.

The beach of Schinias is located southeast of the town. The beach is popular as a spot for windsurfing and the Olympic Rowing Center used for the 2004 Summer Olympics is also located there.

At the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics, Marathon was the starting point of the marathon races (for both women and men in 2004).<ref name=dw>Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Track & Field (Men): Marathon". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 133.</ref><ref>2004 Summer Olympics official report. Template:Webarchive Volume 2. p. 242.</ref> Marathon is also the starting point for the annual Athens Classic Marathon.

The area is susceptible to flash flooding, because of forest fires having denuded parts of the eastern slopes of Mount Penteli especially in 2006.

MunicipalityEdit

The municipality Marathon was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:<ref name=Kallikratis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The municipality has an area of 222.747 km², the municipal unit 97.062 km².<ref name=stat01>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PopulationEdit

Year	Town	Municipal unit	Municipality
1981	4,841	-	-
1991	5,453	12,979	-
2001	4,399	8,882	-
2011	7,170	12,849	33,423
2021	5,260	10,063	31,331

The other settlements in the municipal unit are Agios Panteleimonas, Kato Souli, Vranas, Avra, Vothon, Ano Souli and Schinias.

Points of interestEdit

File:Marathon, the mound of the Plataeans.jpg

The Soros, a burial mound (Marathon tumuli) to the fallen of the Battle of Marathon

The Soros, a tumulus (Greek Τύμβος, tymbos, tomb), or burial mound, erected to the 192 Athenian fallen at the Battle of Marathon, is a feature of the coastal plain, now marked by a marble memorial stele and surrounded by a small park.<ref>Aerial photograph in John Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray, Greece and the Hellenistic World (Oxford History of the Classical World) 1988, vol. I p. 34.</ref>
Kato Souli Naval Transmission Facility with its Template:Convert tall radio mast, the tallest structure in Greece.