Mari El

{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Short description Template:Infobox Russian federal subject Template:Infobox ethnonym Mari El,Template:Efn officially the Mari El Republic,Template:Efn is a republic of Russia. It is in the European region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The republic has a population of 696,459 (2010 Census).<ref name="2010Census">Template:Ru-pop-ref</ref> Yoshkar-Ola is the capital and largest city.

Mari El, one of Russia's ethnic republics, was established for the indigenous Mari people, a Finno-Ugric nation who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama Rivers. The majority of the republic's population are ethnic Russians (52.5%), with a significant Mari minority (40.1%), and smaller minority populations of Tatars and Chuvash. The official languages are Russian and Mari. Mari El is bordered by Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west, Kirov Oblast to the north, Tatarstan to the east, and Chuvashia to the south.

Geography

File:Туристы на реке Большая Кокшага.jpg

Bolshaya Kokshaga River

The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia, along and mostly to the north of the Volga River. The swampy Mari Depression is in the west of the Republic, contrasted by hillier landscapes in the east where the highest point of the Republic (at Template:Convert<ref>="SportTourism">Спортивный туризм в Татарстане. По просторам Марий Эл. Справка о местности. Template:In lang</ref>) is located. The Republic borders with Kirov Oblast in the north and east, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast and south, the Chuvash Republic in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west and north.Template:Citation needed

There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and its tributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in the swampy areas and have areas of less than Template:Convert and depths of Template:Convert. Lake Yalchik, occupying Template:Convert, is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—Template:Convert and up to Template:Convert—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of Template:Convert, they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.Template:Citation needed

Climate is moderately continental, with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from Template:Convert in summer to Template:Convert in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annual precipitation varies from Template:Convert.

There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the Republic. Other resources include peat, mineral waters, and limestone. About 50% of the Republic's territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another.Template:Citation needed

History

File:MariEl03.png

Geographical map of the Mari El Republic.

Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by the Tsardom of Russia (governed by Ivan the Terrible) after the fall of Kazan in 1552.

After the Russian Revolution, under the Bolshevik regime, the Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into the Mari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as the enactment of the 1936 Soviet Constitution. In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma, and Voronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.<ref name= "newsline2">Template:Cite news</ref> This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001.<ref name= "demokratiztsiya">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "Mari" (from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "man, husband"), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "country, land".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Administrative divisions

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Mari El Republic, Russia	Flag of Mari El
Capital: Yoshkar-Ola
As of 2015:<ref name="OKATO">Template:OKATO reference</ref>
Number of districts (районы)	14
Number of cities/towns (города)	4
Number of urban-type settlements (посёлки городского типа)	15
Number of rural okrugs (сельские округа)	120
As of 2002:<ref name="Census">Results of the 2002 Russian Population Census—Territory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of the Russian Federation by federal subject Template:Webarchive</ref>
Number of rural localities (сельские населённые пункты)	1,612
Number of uninhabited rural localities (сельские населённые пункты без населения)	53

Politics

File:Building of the government of republic of Mary El.jpg

Building of the Government of Mari El.

The head of government in the Mari El Republic is the Head (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic, Leonid Markelov, ordering many Mari language newspapers to close.Template:Citation needed Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov's government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Mari people's native religion, based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks.<ref>Russia Moves to Ban Religious Rites of Indigenous Finno-Ugric People Mari Template:Webarchive</ref>

The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El, found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of "a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Demographics

Population: Template:Ru-census

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Template:Webarchive

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	686	10,505	6,364	4,141	15.3	9.3	6.0
1975	695	11,816	7,190	4,626	17.0	10.3	6.7
1980	710	13,169	8,091	5,078	18.5	11.4	7.2
1985	728	14,198	8,529	5,669	19.5	11.7	7.8
1990	755	11,953	7,775	4,178	15.8	10.3	5.5	2,16
1991	756	10,578	7,786	2,792	14.0	10.3	3.7	1,97
1992	758	9,227	8,330	897	12.2	11.0	1.2	1,76
1993	758	8,019	9,622	- 1,603	10.6	12.7	- 2.1	1,56
1994	758	7,851	10,788	- 2,937	10.4	14.2	- 3.9	1,53
1995	757	7,337	9,999	- 2,662	9.7	13.2	- 3.5	1,43
1996	755	6,952	9,495	- 2,543	9.2	12.6	- 3.4	1,35
1997	752	6,782	9,625	- 2,843	9.0	12.8	- 3.8	1,32
1998	749	6,657	9,623	- 2,966	8.9	12.8	- 4.0	1,29
1999	746	6,597	10,674	- 4,077	8.8	14.3	- 5.5	1,28
2000	741	6,784	11,040	- 4,256	9.1	14.9	- 5.7	1,30
2001	736	6,832	11,434	- 4,602	9.3	15.5	- 6.3	1,30
2002	729	7,300	12,105	- 4,805	10.0	16.6	- 6.6	1,38
2003	723	7,515	11,861	- 4,346	10.4	16.4	- 6.0	1,40
2004	718	7,715	12,098	- 4,383	10.7	16.9	- 6.1	1,40
2005	713	7,475	12,256	- 4,781	10.5	17.2	- 6.7	1,34
2006	708	7,550	11,286	- 3,736	10.7	15.9	- 5.3	1,32
2007	704	8,306	10,745	- 2,439	11.8	15.3	- 3.5	1,45
2008	701	8,620	10,699	- 2,079	12.3	15.3	- 3.0	1,50
2009	699	8,896	10,435	- 1,539	12.7	14.9	- 2.2	1,60
2010	696	8,857	10,572	- 1,715	12.7	15.2	- 2.5	1,59
2011	694	9,066	9,816	- 750	13.0	14.1	- 1.1	1,66
2012	691	9,834	9,449	385	14.2	13.7	0.5	1,83
2013	689	10,088	9,444	644	14.6	13.7	0.9	1,93
2014	688	10,081	9,411	670	14.7	13.7	1.0	1,98
2015	687	9,951	9,448	503	14.5	13.7	0.8	1,99
2016	685	9,567	9,025	542	13.9	13.2	0.7	1,98
2017	683	8,147	8,493	-346	11.9	12.4	-0.5	1,75

Template:Historical populationsNote: Total fertility rate source.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ethnic groups

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Hill mari folk ensemble.jpg

The Hill Mari, who primarily live in the Gornomariyskiy, Kilemarsky & Yurino Districts of the republic.

Though the Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the 2021 Census, only 58.2% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 20.1% live in the Republic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia.

Since World War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the 2021 Census,<ref name="census2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russians make up 52.5% of the republic's population (up from 47.4% in 2010), while the ethnic Mari make up 40.1% (down from 43.9%). Other groups include Tatars (4.8%), Chuvash (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic group	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census<ref name="2010Census" />		2021 Census<ref name="census2021" />
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Mari	247,979	51.4%	273,332	47.2%	279,450	43.1%	299,179	43.7%	306,627	43.5%	324,349	43.3%	312,178	42.9%	290,863	43.9%	246,560	40.1%
Russians	210,016	43.6%	266,951	46.1%	309,514	47.8%	320,825	46.9%	334,561	47.5%	355,973	47.5%	345,513	47.5%	313,947	47.4%	322,932	52.5%
Tatars	20,219	4.2%	27,149	4.7%	38,821	6.0%	40,279	5.9%	40,917	5.8%	43,850	5.9%	43,377	6.0%	38,357	5.8%	29,317	4.8%
Chuvash	2,184	0.5%	5,504	0.9%	9,065	1.4%	9,032	1.3%	8,087	1.1%	8,993	1.2%	7,418	1.0%	6,025	0.9%	3,656	0.6%
Others	1,703	0.4%	6,674	1.2%	10,830	1.7%	15,433	2.3%	14,015	2.0%	16,167	2.2%	19,943	2.7%	13,138	2.0%	12,494	2.0%
1 62,138 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation																			CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Religion

File:Yoshkar-Ola P8122161 2200.jpg

Orthodox church in Yoshkar-Ola

The religions with the most adherents in the republic are Russian Orthodoxy, the Mari native religion, the Old Believers, and Islam. The traditional Mari religion (Chimari yula) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is a syncretism with Christianity. The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on the Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and the persecution of the religion went on under the Soviet Union.

During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holy groves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El's three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Mari Native Faith symbol.png

Symbol used by adherents of the Mari Native Religion.

According to a 2012 survey,<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6–15% adheres to the Mari native religion, 6% adheres to Islam, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Old Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 25% of the population is "spiritual but not religious", 6% is atheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>

Education

The most important facilities of higher education are Mari State Technical University and Mari State University,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic.

For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project "Education" ("Oбразование"), which is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to the U.S. State Department,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the European Union, and others.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Economy

The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk, Volzhsk, and Zvenigovo.Template:Citation needed

The largest companies in the region include Mariysky Oil Refinery (revenues of $Template:To USD million in 2017), Mari Pulp and Paper Mill ($Template:To USD million), Shelanger Chemical Plant "Siver" ($Template:To USD million), Marbiopharm ($Template:To USD million).<ref name="regioncompanies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Transportation

Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within the Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerous marshrutkas. The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and from Moscow and Kazan, flights on one commercial airline from Yoshkar-Ola Airport, located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in the republic. Regional automobile code is 12.Template:Citation needed

Communication

Telephony, Internet service, and cable television are provided by VolgaTelecom.Template:Citation needed

Culture

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File:Пеледыш пайрем Йошкар-ОЛа.jpg

Mari people in Yoshkar-Ola

There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and the Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur.

File:Площадь Оболенского-Ноготкова.jpg

The National Art Museum of the Mari El Republic

Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages.

Notable people

• Valentin Kolumb, poet
• Shabdar Osyp, author
• Andrei Eshpai, composer, pianist

See also

• Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem"

Sources

• Template:RussiaBasicLawRef

External links

• Template:In lang Old Official website of the Mari El Republic
• Template:In lang Official website of the Mari El Republic Template:Webarchive
• Template:In lang Industry in the Mari El Republic
• Mari El Republic nature views and sceneries
• A short Meadow Mari-English dictionary
• Template:In lang Meadow Mari-Russian-Japanese dictionary
• Template:In lang About nature in Mari EL republic
• Kimberli Mäkäräinen's Meadow Mari Grammar
• Template:In lang Map of Mari El

Further reading

• Daniel Kalder. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist

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