Marie Bashkirtseff

Template:Short description Template:Pp Template:Family name hatnote Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person

Marie Bashkirtseff, born Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva (Template:Langx; Template:OldStyleDate – 31 October 1884), was an émigré artist<ref name=":1">Bashkirtseff, Marie (Encyclopedia.com)</ref><ref name=":2">Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> who was born into a noble family on their estate near the city of Poltava.<ref name=":2" /> She lived and worked in Paris, and died at the age of 25.

Life and painting careerEdit

File:Церква Різдва Іоана Предтечі, де була охрещена Марія.jpg

Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, where Maria was christened

File:Konstantin Pavlovich Bashkirtseff.png

Mary's father, Konstantin Pavlovich

File:Башкирцева Марія.2.jpg

Maria Bashkirtseva in a folk costume

File:Будинок Башкірцевих у Гавронцях.jpg

The house of Bashkirtseffs in Gavrontsi

Bashkirtseff was born in Gavrontsi (Havrontsi) near Poltava, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine),<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to a wealthy noble family. Her father was a local marshal of nobility, Konstantin Pavlovich Bashkirtsev. Her mother Maria Stepanovna Babanina (1833—1920) also belonged to Russian nobles. Her parents separated when she was 12.<ref name="eb11" /> As a result, she grew up mostly abroad, traveling with her mother throughout most of Europe, with longer spells in Germany and on the Riviera, until the family settled in Paris. Educated privately and with early musical talent, she lost her chance at a career as a singer when illness destroyed her voice. She then determined to become an artist, and she studied painting in France at the Robert-Fleury studio and at the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="eb" /><ref name="sr" />

The Académie, as one of the few establishments that accepted female students, attracted young women from all over Europe and the United States. Fellow students at the Académie included Anna Bilińska and especially Louise Breslau, whom Bashkirtseff viewed as her only real rival.<ref name="sr" /> Bashkirtseff would go on to produce a remarkable, if fairly conventional, body of work in her short lifetime, exhibiting at the Paris Salon as early as 1880 and every year thereafter until her death (except 1883). In 1884, she exhibited a portrait of Paris slum children entitled The Meeting and a pastel portrait of her cousin, for which she received an honorable mention.<ref name="eb11" />

Bashkirtseff's best-known works are The Meeting (now in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris) and her 1881 In the Studio, a portrait of her fellow artists at work. Although a large number of Bashkirtseff's works were destroyed by the Nazis during World War II, at least 60 survive. In 2000, a U.S. touring exhibition entitled "Overcoming All the Obstacles: The Women of Academy Julian" featured works by Bashkirtseff and her schoolmates.<ref name="homage" />

File:Bashkirtseff - In the Studio.jpg

In the Studio by Marie Bashkirtseff (1881), who portrays herself as the central figure seated in the foreground

As a painter, Bashkirtseff took her cue from her friend Jules Bastien-Lepage's admiration for realism and naturalism. Where Bastien-Lepage had found his inspiration in nature, Bashkirtseff turned to the urban scene, writing, "I say nothing of the fields because Bastien-Lepage reigns over them as a sovereign; but the streets, however, have not yet had their... Bastien."<ref name="diary" /> By unlucky chance, both artists succumbed prematurely to chronic illness in the same year, and the later pages of Bashkirtseff's journal record her visits to the dying painter.

Dying of tuberculosis at the age of 25,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bashkirtseff lived just long enough to emerge as an intellectual in Paris in the 1880s. She wrote several articles for Hubertine Auclert's feminist newspaper La Citoyenne in 1881 under the nom de plume "Pauline Orrel." One of her most-quoted sayings is "Let us love dogs, let us love only dogs! Men and cats are unworthy creatures."

Bashkirtseff died in Paris in 1884, and she is buried in Cimetière de Passy, Paris. Her great friend Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch was present at her deathbed. Her monument is a full-sized artist's studio that has been declared a historic monument by the government of France.Template:Citation needed Marie Bashkirtseff was included in the 2018 exhibit Women in Paris 1850-1900.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The diaryEdit

From approximately the age of 13, Bashkirtseff kept a journal, and it is probably for this that she is most famous today. It has been called "a strikingly modern psychological self-portrait of a young, gifted mind",<ref name="eb" /> and her urgent prose, which occasionally breaks out into dialogue, remains extremely readable. She was multilingual and despite her self-involvement, was a keen observer with an acute ear for hypocrisy, so that her journal also offers a near-novelistic account of the late nineteenth century European bourgeoisie. A consistent theme throughout her journal is her deep desire to achieve fame, inflected by her increasing fear that her intermittent illnesses might turn out to be tuberculosis. In a prefatory section written toward the end of her life, in which she recounts her family history, she writes, "If I do not die young I hope to live as great artist; but if I die young, I intend to have my journal, which cannot fail to be interesting, published." Similarly: "When I am dead, my life, which appears to me a remarkable one, will be read. (The only thing wanting is that it should have been different)."<ref name="diary" /> In effect, the first half of Bashkirtseff's journal is a coming-of-age story while the second is an account of heroic suffering.<ref name="sw" />

Bashkirtseff's journal was first published in 1887, and was only the second diary by a woman published in France to that date. It was an immediate success, not least because its cosmopolitan confessional style was a marked departure from the contemplative, mystical diaries of the writer Eugénie de Guérin that had been published in 1862.<ref name="sw" /> An English translation appeared two years later under the title Marie Bashkirtseff: The Journal of a Young Artist 1860–1884. Translated by Mary J. Serrano, it was heavily abridged and bowdlerized, her relatives seeing to it that a good deal of material they considered unflattering to the family was removed.

File:Bashkirtseff.jpg

Self-portrait with a Palette, 1880

File:Marie Bashkirtseff - portrait of Mme X.jpg

Marie Bashkirtseff - portrait of Mme X

British Prime Minister William Gladstone referred to her journal as "a book without a parallel",<ref name="weg" /> and another early admirer was George Bernard Shaw. The late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing read the original French version over eight days in June 1890.<ref>Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p.219-20.</ref> It remained popular, eventually spinning off both plays and movies based on her life story, including The Affairs of Maupassant, directed by Henry Koster and released in the United States in 1938.<ref name="nyt" /> Her diary was cited as an inspiration by the American writer Mary MacLane, whose own shockingly confessional diary was written a bare generation later, and it was mentioned as a model by later writers who became known for their diaries, including Pierre Louÿs, Katherine Mansfield, W.N.P. Barbellion, and Anais Nin.<ref name="sw" />

Her letters, consisting of her correspondence with the writer Guy de Maupassant (which she had begun under an assumed name) were first published in 1891.<ref name="eb11" /><ref name="homage" />

Until recently the accepted date of Bashkirtseff's birth was 11 November [23 November New Style], 1860. After the discovery of the original manuscript of Bashkirtseff's journal in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, however, it was found that her journal had been abridged and censored by her family in its first editions. Her date of birth (1858 not 1860) was falsified by her mother to make Bashkirtseff appear even more precocious.Template:Citation needed An unabridged edition of the complete journal, based on the original manuscript, has been published in French in 16 volumes, and excerpts from the years 1873–1876 have been translated into English under the title I Am the Most Interesting Book of All (see editions listed below).

File:Bashkirtseff-grave.jpg

Marie Bashkirtseff's grave, Passy Cemetery, Paris

Bashkirtseva Autumn.jpg

Autumn, 1883
Bashkirtseff - The Meeting.jpg

The Meeting, 1884
Marie Bashkirtseff - Der Regenschirm - 1883.jpeg

The Umbrella, 1883
Marie Bashkirtseff 2.jpg

Spring, Template:Circa

Editions of the diaryEdit

The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff: I Am the Most Interesting Book of All (Volume I) and Lust for Glory (Volume II). English Translation by Katherine Kernberger. E-book version: Template:ISBN, Publisher: Fonthill Press, 2013.
Mon journal. Texte intégral. Volumes I-XVI (complete text of the journal, transcribed by Ginette Apostolescu). Paris: Montesson (5 rue Jean-Claude-Bézanier, 78360 ). Cercle des amis de Marie Bashkirtseff, 2005. Template:ISBN. Template:In lang
I Am the Most Interesting Book of All: The Diary of Marie Bashkirtseff Vol 1. English translation by Phyllis Howard Kernberger and Katherine Kernberger. Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, Publisher: Chronicle Books, 1997.
Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff. Translated by A.D. Hall and G.B. Heckel. New York: Rand, McNally, 1890. (Title page state: "The only complete English edition").
The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff. Translated, with an introduction, by Mathilde Blind. 2 volumes. London, 1890.
Marie Bashkirtseff: The Journal of a Young Artist 1860–1884. English translation by Mary J. Serrano. New York: Cassell, 1889.
Journal de Marie Bashkirtseff, avec un portrait. 2 volumes, 1887. Template:In lang

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Authority control