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Mata Amritanandamayi

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Sri Mātā Amritānandamayī Devi (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), often known as Amma ("Mother"), is an Indian Hindu spiritual leader, guru and humanitarian,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Perez">Template:Cite news</ref> who is revered as 'the hugging saint' by her followers.<ref>www amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/19/hugging-the-hugging-saint-amma-made-others-cry-but-it-was-different-for-me</ref> She is the chancellor of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, a multi-campus research university.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2018, she was felicitated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi for making the largest contribution to the Government of India's Clean India Campaign Swachh Bharat Mission. She was the first recipient of Vishwaratna Puraskar (Gem of the World Award) by Indian Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

LifeEdit

Mātā Amritānandamayī Devi is an Indian guru from Parayakadavu (now partially known as Amritapuri), Alappad Panchayat in Karunagappally, Kollam District, in the state of Kerala.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Born to a family of backward-caste Malayali fishermen on 27 September 1953, she was the third child of Sugunanandan and Damayanti. Her mother Damayanti died on 19 September 2022. She has six siblings.<ref name=RS2>Template:Cite news</ref>

As part of her chores, Amṛtānandamayī gathered food scraps from neighbours for her family's cows and goats, through which she was confronted with the intense poverty and suffering of others. She would bring these people food and clothing from her own home. Her family, which was not wealthy, scolded and punished her. Amṛtānandamayī began to spontaneously embrace people to comfort them in their sorrow. Despite the reaction of her parents, Amṛtānandamayī continued.<ref name="ReferenceA">Amritanandamayichi – A Biography of Mata Amritanandamayi by Swami Amritaswarupananda, Template:ISBN</ref> Regarding her desire to embrace others, Amṛtānandamayī commented, "I don't see if it is a man or a woman. I don't see anyone different from my own self. A continuous stream of love flows from me to all of creation. This is my inborn nature. The duty of a doctor is to treat patients. In the same way, my duty is to console those who are suffering."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Amṛtānandamayī rejected numerous attempts by her parents to arrange for her marriage.<ref name="thestar.com.my">Millions flock to India's hugging guru. Thestar.com.my. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</ref> In 1981, after spiritual seekers had begun residing at her parents' property in Parayakadavu in the hopes of becoming Amṛtānandamayī's disciples, the Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Math (MAM), a worldwide foundation, was founded.<ref>On 6 May 1981, "with a view to preserving and propagating the ideals and teachings of the Holy Mother, the Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Math and Mission Trust was founded and registered under the Travancore-Cochin State Literary and Charitable Act of 1955, at Kollam, Kerala, South India." Amritanandamayichi – A Biography of Mata Amritanandamayi by Swami Amritaswarupananda, Template:ISBN</ref> Amṛtānandamayī continues to serve as chairperson of the Math. Today the Mata Amritanandmayi Math is engaged in many spiritual and charitable activities.<ref name="embracingtheworld.org">(Amma's Charities). Embracing the World. Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</ref>

In 1987, at the request of devotees, Amṛtānandamayī began to conduct programmes in countries throughout the world. She continues to do so annually.

DarshanEdit

Amṛtānandamayī's form of giving darshana is hugging people.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As to how this began, Amṛtānandamayī said, "People used to come and tell [me] their troubles. They would cry and I would wipe their tears. When they fell weeping into my lap, I used to hug them. Then the next person too wanted it... And so the habit picked up."<ref name="im.rediff.com">rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/Mata Amritanandmayi. Im.rediff.com (2 August 2002). Retrieved on 24 June 2011.</ref> Amṛtānandamayī has embraced more than 33 million people throughout the world for over 30 years.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

When asked, in 2002, to what extent she thought her embraces helped the ills of the world, Amṛtānandamayī replied, "I don't say I can do it 100 percent. Attempting to change the world [completely] is like trying to straighten the curly tail of a dog. But society takes birth from people. So by affecting individuals, you can make changes in the society and, through it, in the world. You cannot change it, but you can make changes. The fight in individual minds is responsible for the wars. So if you can touch people, you can touch the world."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Amṛtānandamayī's darshan has been the centrepiece of her life, as she has received people nearly every day since the late 1970s. Given the size of the crowds coming to seek Amṛtānandamayī's blessings, there have been times when she has given darshana for more than 20 continuous hours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time of Covid-19 she stopped giving darshana and hugging people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Teachings and public imageEdit

File:Mata Amritanandamayi.jpg
Mata Amritanandamayi Devi (Amma) embraces a child.

In the book The Timeless Path, Swami Ramakrishnananda Puri, one of Amṛtānandamayī's senior disciples, wrote: "The [spiritual] path inculcated by Amma is the same as the one presented in the Vedas and recapitulated in subsequent traditional scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita."<ref name="ReferenceB">The Timeless Path by Swami Ramakrishnananda, Template:ISBN</ref> Amṛtānandamayī herself says, "karma [action], jñana [knowledge] and bhakti [devotion] are all essential. If the two wings of a bird are devotion and action, knowledge is its tail. Only with the help of all three can the bird soar into the heights."<ref name="ReferenceC">Lead Us to the Light: A Collection of Mata Amritanandamayi's Teachings Compiled by Swami Jnanamritananda</ref> She accepts the various spiritual practices and prayers of all religions as but different methods toward the same goal of purifying the mind.<ref>"The goal of all religions is one—purification of the human mind." ("Living in Harmony" By Mata Amritanandamayi)</ref> Along these lines, she stresses the importance of meditation, performing actions as karma yoga, selfless service, and cultivating divine qualities such as compassion, patience, forgiveness, self-control, etc. Amṛtānandamayī has said that these practices refine the mind, preparing it to assimilate the ultimate truth: that one is not the physical body and mind, but the eternal, blissful consciousness that serves as the non-dual substratum of the universe.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> This understanding itself Amṛtānandamayī referred to as jivanmukti [liberation while alive]. Amṛtānandamayī said, "Jivanmukti is not something to be attained after death, nor is it to be experienced or bestowed upon you in another world. It is a state of perfect awareness and equanimity, which can be experienced here and now in this world, while living in the body. Having come to experience the highest truth of oneness with the Self, such blessed souls do not have to be born again. They merge with the infinite."<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

Amritanandamayi is known for frequently referring to herself in the third person as "Amma", which is a common spiritual practice in Hinduism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Social issuesEdit

In her public talks and in articles, Amritanandamayi has taken up several social issues, including the importance of selfless service,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> the need for inter-religious harmony,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> for environmental protection<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and of desegregating science and spirituality.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> She also regularly speaks on the importance of women's empowerment and gender equality as well as that of humankind cultivating what she refers to as viśva-mātrutvam — an attitude of motherliness towards all beings in creation, specifically through expressing compassion, patience and selflessness.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> She has also spoken out against human trafficking and forced prostitution, speaking at the Vatican and signing the Universal Declaration Against Slavery in an event organized by Pope Francis at the Vatican in 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> And in 2018, under the patronage of Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, she participated in a similar event aimed at protecting children from abuse and predation via the Internet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2015, Amritanandamayi delivered the keynote address at a United Nations Academic Impact conference on technology and sustainable development, co-hosted by Amrita University. There, she requested the scientific community to infuse its research with awareness and compassion, stressing the importance of keeping the aim of uplifting the poor and suffering in mind when undertaking technological research.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She has spoken several times at the United Nations and twice at the Parliament of the World's Religions.

BhajansEdit

Amṛtānandamayī has recorded more than 1,000 bhajans, or devotional songs, in 35 languages.<ref>McGregor, Gretchen Kusuma, "In the Shelter of Her Arms," 2012, MA Center, page 199. "It's hard to imagine, but now, in 2012, Amma has recorded well over 1,000 songs in 35 languages."</ref> She has also composed dozens of bhajans and set them to traditional ragas. Regarding devotional singing as a spiritual practice, Amṛtānandamayī says, "If the bhajan is sung with one-pointedness, it is beneficial for the singer, the listeners, and Nature as well. Later when the listeners reflect on the songs, they will try to live in accordance with the lessons enunciated therein."<ref>Awaken, Children, Volume 2: Dialogues with Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi</ref> Amṛtānandamayī has said that in today's world, it is often difficult for people to attain deeply focused concentration in meditation. A person can be aided in reaching this level of concentration with bhajans.<ref>For My Children: The Teachings of Her Holiness, Sri Mata Amritanandmayai Devi, page 70</ref>

Humanitarian workEdit

Amritanandamayi is founder and chairman of the Mata Amritanandamayi Math and the founder of Embracing the World.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Embracing the World is a global network of local and regional charitable organizations and projects that has grown out of the Mata Amritanandamayi Math's India-based charitable projects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The organizations' focus is on providing the poor with the five basic needs of food, shelter, healthcare, education and livelihood.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Perez"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The organizations also conduct work in the fields of disaster relief and environmental protection as well as on conducting research and developing new technologies to help the poor and needy.<ref name="Halpern">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

FoodEdit

In India, the Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math provides 10 million free meals to poor people annually via its various centres. Likewise, Embracing the World feed more than 150,000 annually in North America through 49 centres that conduct a program called Mother's Kitchen, started in 1987. Other feed-the-hungry programs exist in Mexico, Costa Rica, France, Spain, Kenya, Brazil, Slovenia and Australia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Math is deploying filtration systems with the goal of providing clean drinking water in 5,000 village centres throughout India, which would provide water purification to 10 million villagers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ShelterEdit

Since 1998, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math has constructed over 47,000 houses for the homeless in 75 locations throughout India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It runs an orphanage for 500 children in Kerala, and Embracing the World manages a children's home in Nairobi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

HealthcareEdit

The Mata Amritanandamayi Math manages the 1,100-bed super-speciality hospital Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences in Kochi, which it launched in 1998,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as several other free healthcare clinics, medicine dispensaries, hospices in India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is also in the process of constructing a 2,000-bed hospital in Delhi NCR.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In total, the math has provided totally free medical care and surgeries to more than four million people since 1998.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This includes super-specialty surgeries including heart surgeries, brain surgeries and kidney transplants.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Aside from free treatment, Amrita Institute provides care on a sliding scale, allowing people to pay what they can afford. This is often a minimal percent of the total medical cost.<ref name="Halpern"/>

On 24 August 2022, another hospital named Amrita Hospital was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi in Faridabad, Haryana. This hospital is reportedly the largest private hospital ever built in India, with a built up area of 3.6 million square feet and a capacity of 2600 beds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LivelihoodEdit

In 1998, the Math started a program titled Amrita Nidhi that provides lifetime pensions to destitute widows and to people who are physically and mentally challenged.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 2019, a total of 100,000 people were enrolled.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also started AmritaSREE (Self-Reliance, Empowerment & Employment) in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This program has helped more than 200,000 women form self-help groups throughout India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

EducationEdit

Amṛtānandamayī is founder and chancellor of Amrita University, an eight-campus,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> multi-disciplinary research university that in 2020 was ranked as the fourth-best university in India by NIRF, is accredited with an 'A' grade by NAAC,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was selected as an "Institute of Eminence" by the Indian Government in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under her guidance, the university puts a strong focus on research-and-development to uplift the sick and poor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math also runs a scholarship program that currently provides 50,000 scholarships for economically challenged children throughout India,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Embracing the World provides scholarships outside of India in times of need, such as in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Disaster reliefEdit

Within India, the Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math has been involved in relief-and-rehabilitation efforts following natural disasters since 2001,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Embracing the World has come to aid in the wake of several disasters outside of India as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Embracing the World has provided a total of $75 million in disaster-relief work since 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The disasters after which the Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math and Embracing the World have conducted relief-and-rehabilitation work include: the 2001 Gujarat earthquake,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hurricane Katrina (2005),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2008 Bihar flood,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60">Template:Cite book</ref> the 2005 Gujarat flood,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60"/> the Maharashtra floods of 2005,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60"/> Cyclone Aila of 2009,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60"/> the 2010 Haiti Earthquake,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2013 North India floods,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Typhoon Haiyan in 2013,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2014 India–Pakistan floods,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60"/> the May 2015 Nepal earthquake,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2015 South Indian floods,<ref name="Amritaswarupananda Puri 2014 60"/> the Puttingal temple fire of 2016,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hurricane Maria of 2017,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cyclone Ockhi of 2017,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the 2018 Kerala floods,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the 2019 Kerala floods.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, the Math gave Rs. 500,000 to each of the families of the 40 CRPF soldiers who were killed in the 2019 Pulwama attack.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Environmental protectionEdit

On 11 September 2015, Amṛtānandamayī donated US$15 million to the Government of India's Namami Gange "Clean the Ganges" program for the specific purpose of constructing toilets for poor families living along the Ganges River.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 27 September 2015, Amṛtānandamayī pledged that her NGO would dedicate the value of another US$15 million to toilet construction and other sanitation efforts specifically in the Indian state of Kerala.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Amritanandamayi's organization has been cleaning the Pampa River and Sabarimala Kerala Temple pilgrimage site annually since 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ControversiesEdit

Book by Sreeni PattathanamEdit

Sreeni Pattathanam, the Kerala-based head of the Indian Rationalist Association, wrote Matha Amritanandamayi: Sacred Stories and Realities, a controversial critique first published in 1985. The author said all the "miracles" of Amṛtānandamayī were falsified. It was further written that there had been many suspicious deaths in and around her ashram that required police investigation.<ref>Mass Publicationas, Kollam, Kerala, revised edn. (The Malayalam language subtitle is "Divya Kathakalum Yatharthyavum".)</ref>

On 9 August 2002, a Deshabhimani, a left-leaning Malayalam daily, published a similar account, demanding investigation into the same deaths Pattathanam found suspicious.<ref>"Report that Suspicious Deaths at Amritanandamayi Math Are Growing", Deshabhimani, 9 August 2002.</ref> On 24 September 2002, Deshabhimani officially apologised for the report, publishing an article titled "Report that Suspicious Deaths at Amritanandamayi Math Are Growing Was Incorrect". The article stated: "We now state with conviction that there was nothing suspicious about deaths that happened in the Math. Some of the deaths mentioned in the article did not even take place at the Math." The article went on to explain that relatives of the deceased had personally contacted Deshabhimani in order to correct the misinformation conveyed in the original article. In several cases, the editors noted the relatives had contacted Deshabhimani to explain they were at the bedsides of elderly kin who had died of natural causes, with no suspicious aspects regarding the passings.<ref>"Report that Suspicious Deaths at Amritanandamayi Math Are Growing Was Incorrect", Deshabhimani, 24 September 2002, p. 6.</ref>

In 2004, the Kerala State Government sanctioned criminal prosecution of Patthathanam, the owner of the publishing company, and the printer of the book on grounds that religious sentiments had been offended and for the libelous statements in the book. The order followed directions from the Kerala High Court to the Home Department for considering an application by T. K. Ajan, a resident of the Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> CPI leader Thengamam Balakrishnan protested the move against Pattathanam.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The contents of this book in English: Template:Cite book

Source of foreign aidEdit

In June 2007, Shantanu Guha Ray wrote in Tehelka weekly that Amṛtānandamayī Math, Ravi Shankar, Baba Ramdev, and other NGOs and religious organisations had large annual turnover of INR crores.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In June 2007, novelist Paul Zacharia wrote on Tehelka that Amṛtānandamayī is free from the typical scrutiny on money that has foreign connections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 2008, the president of Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham, U. Kalanathan, urged the state government to conduct an enquiry into Amṛtānandamayī's assets. He said the sources of her income and its utilisation should be investigated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Allegations by Gail TredwellEdit

In 2013, Gail Tredwell, a former disciple of Amṛtānandamayī, self-published a memoir of her 1980–99 tenure in Amṛtānandamayī's ashram. She made some allegations in this memoir as well as media interviews which preceded and followed the release of the book.<ref name="RS2"/><ref name=TNIE1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=FP1>Template:Cite news</ref> The allegations, including the claim that Tredwell was physically assaulted by Amṛtānandamayī, have not been substantiated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both Amṛtānandamayī and representatives of her ashram denied the allegations, saying that they were untrue and were aimed at exacting revenge for unfulfilled desires.<ref name=TNIE3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=TH3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=IBN1>Template:Cite news</ref> In an interview in April 2014, Amṛtānandamayī spoke in depth about the incident, saying, "Even now, Amma is only filled with love for that daughter. I am praying that virtue and goodness come. Time will shine forth the truth."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

AttacksEdit

In August 2005, Amṛtānandamayī was attacked by a man named Pavithran. He was sitting with other followers praying and singing in front of Amṛtānandamayī. He rushed to Amṛtānandamayī with a knife, but was overpowered by a group of disciples. Amṛtānandamayī's disciple Swami Amritaswarupananda Puri said Pavithran was of "unstable mind".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pavithran was bruised and taken to a hospital.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amritanandamayi, who forgave Pavithran,<ref name="Padanna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> said, "All those who are born will die one day. I am going ahead keeping this reality in mind. I will carry on. I will continue to give darshan to the devotees coming here to meet me."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 1 August 2012, Satnam Singh Mann, a 23-year-old law student from Bihar, charged Amṛtānandamayī at her ashram in Kollam. According to police, he was screaming and reciting words in Arabic. He was overpowered by the crowd, who handed him over to the police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was later taken to the government mental hospital in Peroorkada, Thiruvananthapuram, where he died three days later.

Awards and honoursEdit

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  • 2013, Awarded proclamation on behalf of the State of Michigan to Amma commemorating Amma's 60th birthday, the official proclamation describes Amma as a true citizen of the world and recognizes Amma's charitable works worldwide.
  • 2014, Chosen as one among the 50 most powerful women religious leaders by The Huffington Post.<ref name=Huffpost>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • In 2014, Mata Amritanandamayi had refused to accept the Padma awards of 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 2018, Felicitated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi for largest contribution to the Government of India's Clean India Campaign Swachh Bharat Mission<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2019, Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Mysore<ref>[2]. The Times of India. Retrieved on 20 June 2019.</ref>
  • 2023, Chair, Civil 20, an official Engagement Groups of the G20<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PositionsEdit

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  • President Swami Vivekananda's 150th birth anniversary celebration committee, India<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Publications and documentariesEdit

Amṛtānandamayī's disciples have transcribed her conversations with devotees and spiritual seekers to create approximately a dozen books of her teachings known as Awaken Children. The addresses she has delivered at various international forums have also been published in book form. Beginning in April 2011, a bi-weekly message from Amṛtānandamayī has appeared in the Lifestyle section of the Express Buzz Sunday supplement of the New Indian Express newspaper. She also writes a regular blog in the spiritual publication The Speaking Tree.

She has been featured in various documentaries and films:

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See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

  • Amma: Healing the Heart of the World by Judith Cornell, (William Morrow & Company, Template:ISBN)
  • Messages from Amma: In the Language of the Heart by Janine Canan (Ten Speed Press, Template:ISBN)
  • Getting to Joy: A Western Householder's Spiritual Journey with Amma (Mata Amritanandamayi) by Karuna Poole (Shantini Center, Template:ISBN)

Further readingEdit

  • Template:Cite book An ethnographic account of North American devotees, from an academic perspective.
  • Template:Cite book An analytical treatment of the movement, from an academic perspective.

External linksEdit

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