Memory transfer
Template:Short description Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system. Since RNA encodes information<ref name="Reckoning"/> and living cells produce and modify RNA in reaction to external events, it might also be used in neurons to record stimuli.<ref name="Kentridge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was proposed as an explanation for the results of McConnell's experiments in which planarians retained memory of acquired information after regeneration.
In McConnell's experiments, he classically conditioned planarians to contract their bodies upon exposure to light by pairing it with an electric shock.<ref name="POLCT"/><ref name="TMTA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The planarians retained this acquired information after being sliced and regenerated, even after multiple slicings to produce a planarian where none of the original trained planarian was present.<ref name="TMTA"/> The same held true after the planarians were ground up and fed to untrained cannibalistic planarians, usually Dugesia dorotocephala.<ref name="TMTA"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> As the nervous system was fragmented but the nucleic acids were not, this seemed to indicate the existence of memory RNA.<ref name="TMTA"/> Some further experiments seem to support the original findings in that some memories may be stored outside the brain,<ref name="Reckoning"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Shomrat2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> but McConnell's experiments proved to be largely irreproducible and it was later suggested that only sensitization was transferred,<ref name="POLCT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or that no transfer occurred and the effect was due to stress hormones in the donor or pheromone trails left on dirty lab glass.<ref name="Kentridge"/> Memory transfer through memory RNA is not currently a well-accepted explanation for the planarian behavior.<ref name="TMTA"/>