European bee-eater

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The European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) is a near passerine bird in the bee-eater family, Meropidae. It breeds in southern and central Europe, northern and southern Africa, and western Asia. Except for the resident southern African population, the species is strongly migratory, wintering in tropical Africa.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> This species occurs as a spring overshoot north of its usual range, with occasional breeding in northern Europe.

Taxonomy and systematicsEdit

The European bee-eater was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under its current binomial name Merops apiaster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The genus name Merops is Ancient Greek for "bee-eater", and apiaster is Latin, also meaning "bee-eater", from apis, "bee".<ref name=job>Template:Cite book</ref>

DescriptionEdit

This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly coloured, slender bird. It has brown and yellow upper parts, whilst the wings are green and the beak is black. It can reach a length of Template:Convert, including the two elongated central tail feathers, and weigh 44–78 g (52 g on average).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sexes are alike. Female tends to have greener rather than gold feathers on shoulders. Non-breeding plumage is much duller and with a blue-green back and no elongated central tail feathers. Juvenile resembles a non-breeding adult, but with less variation in the feather colours. Adults begin to moult in June or July and complete the process by August or September. There is a further moult into breeding plumage in winter in Africa.<ref>RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK Template:ISBN.</ref>

Behaviour and ecologyEdit

BreedingEdit

File:Merops apiaster MHNT ZOO 2010 11 160 Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.jpg

Eggs of Merops apiaster

These bee-eaters are gregarious—nesting colonially in sandy banks, preferably near river shores, usually at the beginning of May. They make a relatively long tunnel, in which they lay five to eight spherical white eggs around the beginning of June. Both male and female care for the eggs, which they brood for about three weeks. They also feed and roost communally.

During courtship, the male feeds large items to the female while eating the small ones himself.<ref name=avery1988>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most males are monogamous, but occasional bigamy has been encountered.<ref name=avery1984>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their typical call is a distinctive, mellow, liquid and burry prreee or prruup.

FeedingEdit

This bird breeds in open country in warmer climates. As the name suggests, bee-eaters predominantly eat insects, especially bees, wasps, and hornets. They catch insects in flight, in sorties from an open perch. Before eating a bee, the European bee-eater removes the sting by repeatedly hitting the insect on a hard surface. It can eat around 250 bees a day.Template:Citation needed

The most important prey item in their diet is Hymenoptera, mostly the European honey bee. A study in Spain found that these comprise 69.4% to 82% of the European bee-eaters' diet.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their impact on bee populations, however, is small. They eat less than 1% of the worker bees in areas where they live.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A study found that European bee-eaters "convert food to body weight more efficiently if they are fed a mixture of bees and dragonflies than if they eat only bees or only dragonflies."<ref name="GoodenoughMcGuire2009">Template:Cite book</ref>

Pair of Merops apiaster feeding.jpg

Feeding bee-eater—the female (in front) waits for the male's offering
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) with dragonflies.jpg

Each with a dragonfly

Predation of honey beesEdit

File:Colonie de prigorii (Merops apiaster) vandalizată de apicultori.jpg

Bee-eater colony destroyed by bee-keepers. The entrance into the bee eater's galleries was deliberately blocked with stones

If an apiary is set up close to a bee-eater colony, a larger number of honey bees are eaten because they are more abundant. However, studies show the bee-eaters do not intentionally fly into the apiary, rather they feed on the insects caught on pastures and meadows within a radius of Template:Convert from the colony, this maximum distance being reached only when there is a lack of food. Observations show that the birds actually enter the apiary only in cold and rainy periods, when the bees do not leave the hive and other insect prey are harder for the bee-eaters to detect.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many bee-keepers believe that the bee-eaters are the main obstacle causing worker bees not to forage, and instead stay inside the hives for much of the day between May and the end of August. However, a study carried out in eucalyptus forest in the Alalous region, Template:Convert east of Tripoli, Libya, showed that the bee-eaters were not the main obstacle of bee foraging, which is the opposite of what beekeepers think. The foraging rate was higher in presence of the birds than in their absence in some cases. The average bird meal consisted of 90.8% honey bees and 9.2% beetles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Predation is more likely when the bees are queening or during peak migrations, from late March till mid-April, and in mid-September. Hives close to or under trees or overhead cables are also at increased risk as the birds pounce on flying insects from these perches.<ref name=toM>Template:Cite news</ref>

GalleryEdit

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Stamp of Moldova -European bee-eater
European bee eater.jpg
MeropsApiasterGould.jpg

European bee-eater painted by John Gould, English ornithologist
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A pair of Turkish bee-eaters
European Bee-eater from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg

ID composite
CloseUp of a female European bee-eater.webm

Close-up video of a female European bee-eater