Messier 74

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Messier 74 (also known as NGC 628 and Phantom Galaxy) is a large spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation Pisces.Template:Efn It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth.<ref name="APOD">Template:Cite APOD</ref> The galaxy contains two clearly defined spiral arms and is therefore used as an archetypal example of a grand design spiral galaxy.<ref name="carnegieatlas"> Template:Cite book</ref> The galaxy's low surface brightness makes it the most difficult Messier object for amateur astronomers to observe.<ref name="omeara1998"> Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="jones1991"> Template:Cite book</ref> Its relatively large angular (that is, apparent) size and the galaxy's face-on orientation make it an ideal object for professional astronomers who want to study spiral arm structure and spiral density waves. It is estimated that M74 hosts about 100 billion stars.<ref name="APOD"/>

Observation historyEdit

M74 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. He then communicated his discovery to Charles Messier, who listed the galaxy in his catalog.<ref name="jones1991" />

File:M74 Galaxy JWST MIRI.jpg

M74 observed by JWST

In July 2022, it was observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.

StructureEdit

M74 has two spiral arms that wind counterclockwise from the galaxy's center. The spiral arms widen as they get farther from M74's center, but one of the arms narrows at the end. The arms deviate slightly from a constant angle.<ref name="structure">Template:Cite journal</ref>

SupernovaeEdit

Three supernovae are known to have taken place within it:<ref name="ned"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> SN 2002ap,<ref name="iauc7810"> Template:Cite journal</ref> SN 2003gd,<ref name="iauc8150"> Template:Cite journal</ref> and SN 2013ej (the numbers denote the year).<ref name="BS">Template:Cite news</ref> The latter was bright as 10th magnitude when viewed from the surface of Earth, so visible from almost all modern telescopes in a good night sky.<ref name="BS" />

SN 2002ap was one of few Type Ic supernovae (which denotes hypernovae) recorded within 10 Mpc every century.<ref name="mazzalietal2002"> Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="smarttetal2002"> Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="galyametal2002"> Template:Cite journal</ref> This explosion has been used to test theories on the origins of others further away<ref name="smarttetal2002" /> and theories on the emission by supernovae of gamma ray bursts.<ref name="galyametal2002" />

SN 2003gd is a Type II-P supernova.<ref name="vandyketal2003"> Template:Cite journal</ref> Type II supernovae have known luminosities, so they can be used to accurately measure distances. The distance measured to M74 using SN 2003gd is 9.6 ± 2.8 Mpc, or 31 ± 9 million ly.<ref name="hendryetal2005"> Template:Cite journal</ref> For comparison, distances measured using the brightest supergiants are 7.7 ± 1.7 Mpc and 9.6 ± 2.2 Mpc.<ref name="hendryetal2005" /> Ben Sugerman found a "light echo" – a later reflection of the explosion – associated with SN 2003gd.<ref name="sugerman2005"> Template:Cite journal</ref> This is one of the few supernovae in which such a reflection has been found. This reflection appears to be from dust in a sheet-like cloud that lies in front of the supernova, and it can be used to determine the composition of the interstellar dust.<ref name="sugerman2005" /><ref name="vandyketal2006"> Template:Cite journal</ref>

In addition to these supernovae, the astronomical transient AT 2019krl was discovered on 6 July 2019 and classified as either a type IIn supernova or an LBV in outburst.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later analysis argued that it was consistent with known examples of giant LBV eruptions and SN 2008S-like objects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Galaxy groupEdit

This is the brightest member of the M74 Group, a group of 5 to 7 galaxies that also includes the peculiar spiral galaxy NGC 660 and a few irregular galaxies.<ref name="nbg"> Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="garcia1993"> Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="giuricinetal2002"> Template:Cite journal</ref> Different group membership identification methods (ranging from a clear, to likely, to perhaps historic gravitational tie) identify several objects of the group in common,<ref name="giuricinetal2002" /> and a few galaxies whose exact status within such groupings is currently uncertain.<ref name="giuricinetal2002" />

File:M74 3.6 5.8 8.0 microns spitzer.png

M74 as observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxy Survey. The blue colors represent the 3.6 micrometre emission from stars. The green and red colors represent the 5.8 and 8.0 micrometre emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and possibly dust.

Suspected black holeEdit

In 2005<ref name="chandra2005">Chandra : Photo Album and details of observation: M74 : 22 Mar 05</ref>Template:Efn the Chandra X-ray Observatory announced its observation of an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in M74, radiating more X-ray power than a neutron star, in periodic intervals of around two hours. It has an estimated mass of Template:Val. This is an indicator of an intermediate-mass black hole. This would be a rather uncommon class, in between in size of stellar black holes and the massive black holes theorized to be in the center of many galaxies. Such an object is believed to form from lesser ("stellar") black holes within a star cluster. The source has been given identification number CXOU J013651.1+154547.

Amateur astronomy observationEdit

Messier 74 is 1.5° east-northeast of Eta Piscium.<ref name="omeara1998" /><ref name="jones1991" /> This galaxy has the second-lowest Earth-surface brightness of any Messier object. (M101 has the lowest.) It requires a good night sky.<ref name="jones1991" /><ref name="omeara1998" /> This galaxy may be best viewed under low magnification; when highly magnified, the diffuse emission becomes more extended and appears too faint to be seen by many people.<ref name="jones1991" /> Additionally, M74 may be more easily seen when using averted vision when the eyes are fully dark adapted.<ref name="omeara1998" /><ref name="jones1991" />

References and footnotesEdit

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External linksEdit

|CitationClass=web }} Template:Portal bar Template:Catalogs Template:Messier objects Template:NGC10 Template:Pisces (constellation) Template:Sky