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Mexican Spanish

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Template:Short description Template:Pp-pc Template:Use dmy dates Template:More citations needed {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

Mexican Spanish (Template:Langx) is the variety of dialects and sociolects of the Spanish language spoken in Mexico and its bordering regions. Mexico has the largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country in the world. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VariationEdit

The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> since linguistic boundaries rarely coincide with political ones. The Spanish spoken in the southernmost state of Chiapas, bordering Guatemala, resembles the variety of Central American Spanish spoken in that country, where {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Meanwhile, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to a large number of Mexicans residing in what had become US territory, and many of their descendants have continued to speak Spanish. In addition, the waves of 19th- and 20th-century migration from Mexico to the United States, have contributed greatly to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the United States. Finally, the Spanish spoken in coastal areas often exhibits certain phonetic traits in common with the Caribbean rather than with that of central Mexico, and the Spanish of the Yucatán Peninsula is quite distinct from other varieties.<ref name=":0" /> It should also be noted that there is great variation in intonation patterns from region to region within Mexico.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> For instance, the Spanish of northern Mexico, including the traditional Spanish of New Mexico, is characterized by its own distinct set of intonation patterns.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguist Bertil Malmberg<ref>Not to be confused with the poet Bertil F. H. Malmberg.</ref> points out that in Central Mexican Spanish—unlike most varieties in the other Spanish-speaking countries—the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg attributes this to a Nahuatl substratum, as part of a broader cultural phenomenon that preserves aspects of indigenous culture through place names of Nahuatl origin, statues that commemorate Aztec rulers, etc.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt; rpt. Malmberg 1965: 99–126 and Malmberg 1971: 421–438.</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> The Mexican linguist Juan M. Lope Blanch, however, finds similar weakening of vowels in regions of several other Spanish-speaking countries; he also finds no similarity between the vowel behavior of Nahuatl and that of Central Mexican Spanish; and thirdly, he finds Nahuatl syllable structure no more complex than that of Spanish.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Furthermore, Nahuatl is not alone as a possible influence, as there are currently more than 90 native languages spoken in Mexico.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Template:Spanish language

PhonologyEdit

ConsonantsEdit

Consonant phonemes of Mexican Spanish
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Stop Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Continuant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Flap Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link

AffricatesEdit

Due to influence from indigenous languages, such as Nahuatl, Mexican Spanish has incorporated many words containing the sequences Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, corresponding to the voiceless alveolar affricate {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, present in many indigenous languages of Mexico,<ref name="Lope2004">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> as in the words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ('hardware store') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ('from [the city of] Coatzacoalcos'). Mexican Spanish always pronounces the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in such a sequence in the same syllable, a trait shared with the Spanish of the rest of Latin America, that of the Canary Islands, and the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, including Bilbao and Galicia.<ref name="HualdeUnSegmentoTl"/> This includes words of Greek and Latin origin with Template:Angbr such as Template:Wikt-lang and Template:Wikt-lang. In contrast, in most of Spain, the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} would form part of the previous syllable's coda, and be subject to weakening, as in {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some claim that in Mexican Spanish, the sequence {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is really a single phoneme, the same as the lateral affricate of Nahuatl. On the other hand, José Ignacio Hualde and Patricio Carrasco argue that {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is best analyzed as an onset cluster on the basis that Mexicans take the same amount of time to pronounce {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as they do to pronounce {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. They predicted that if {{#invoke:IPA|main}} were a single segment, it would have been pronounced quicker than the other clusters.<ref name="HualdeUnSegmentoTl">Template:Cite journal</ref>

FricativesEdit

In addition to the usual voiceless fricatives of other American Spanish dialects ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Mexican Spanish also has the palatal sibilant {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref name="Lope2004" /> mostly in words from indigenous languages—especially place names. The {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, represented orthographically as Template:Angbr, is commonly found in words of Nahuatl or Mayan origin, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a station in the Mexico City Metro). The spelling Template:Angbr can additionally represent the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (also mostly in place names), as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} itself ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}); or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in the place name Xochimilco—as well as the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sequence (in words of Greco-Latin origin, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), which is common to all varieties of Spanish. In many Nahuatl words in which Template:Angbr originally represented {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the pronunciation has changed to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (or {{#invoke:IPA|main}})—e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the articulation in most of Mexico is velar {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ('box'). However, in some (but not all) dialects of southern Mexico, the normal articulation is glottal Template:IPAblink (as it is in most dialects of the Caribbean, the Pacific Coast, the Canary Islands, and most of Andalusia and Extremadura in Spain).<ref name=":0" />Template:Sfn Thus, in these dialects, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are respectively pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

In northwestern Mexico and rural Michoacan, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, represented by Template:Angbr, tends to be deaffricated to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a phonetic feature also typical of southwestern Andalusian Spanish dialects.<ref>Template:Harvp</ref><ref name="ParodiContacto">Template:Cite journal</ref>

All varieties of Mexican Spanish are characterized by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: the letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr correspond to the same phoneme, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>This same phoneme is rendered with a non-IPA symbol Template:Angbr by many authors, including Canfield and Lipski, using the RFE Phonetic Alphabet. In IPA, it stands for the close front rounded vowel. The IPA symbol Template:Angbr IPA is also inappropriate for this sound - see Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative Template:IPAblink or an approximant Template:IPAblink in most cases, although after a pause it is instead realized as an affricate Template:IPAblink. In the north and in rural Michoacan, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is consistently rendered as an approximant and may even be elided when between vowels and in contact with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'hen', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chair', and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'seal'.<ref name="ParodiContacto" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As in all American dialects of Spanish, Mexican Spanish has seseo, so {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is not distinguished from {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Thus, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'house' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'hunt' are homophones.

Present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation, or absence of debuccalization, of syllable-final {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The fact that the areas with the strongest preservation of final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are also those with the most frequent unstressed vowel reduction gives the sibilant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} a special prominence in these dialects. On the other hand, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}-weakening is very frequent on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and is also fairly frequent in northern and northwestern Mexico, and in parts of Oaxaca and the Yucatán peninsula. In all these regions, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}-weakening acts as a sociolinguistic marker, being more prevalent in rural areas and among the lower classes.Template:Citation needed The prevalence of a weakened syllable-final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in so many peripheral areas of Mexico suggests that such weakening was at one point more prevalent in peripheral areas, but that the influence of Mexico City has led to the diffusion of a style of pronunciation without {{#invoke:IPA|main}}-weakening, especially among the urban middle classes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

{{#invoke:IPA|main}}-weakening on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coast was strengthened by influences from Andalusian, Canarian, and Caribbean Spanish dialects.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Also, the dialects spoken in rural Chihuahua, Sonora, and Sinaloa, like that of New Mexico, have developed aspiration of syllable-initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in words like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to pass' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'sir'.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb, cited in Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="caracteristicas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Despite the general lack of s-aspiration in the center of the country, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is often elided before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and the phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is often pronounced without the first {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfn

StopsEdit

There is a set of voiced obstruents—{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and sometimes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}—which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment.

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} often becomes {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfn especially in more rural speech, such that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may be pronounced as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In addition, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is often assimilated to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfn

Speakers from the Yucatán, especially men or those who are older, often pronounce the voiceless stops {{#invoke:IPA|main}} with aspiration.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

VowelsEdit

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

Like most Spanish dialects and varieties, Mexican Spanish has five vowels: close unrounded front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, close rounded back {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, mid unrounded front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, mid rounded back {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and open unrounded {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="yobuca">Template:Cite book</ref>

A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly that of central Mexico, is the high rate of reduction, which can involve shortening and centralization, devoicing, or both, and even elision of unstressed vowels, as in {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, so that {{#invoke:IPA|main}}+ vowel + {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> It can be the case that the words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are pronounced the same {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Citation needed The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions {{#invoke:IPA|main}} + vowel + {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, so that the words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may also be pronounced the same {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

MorphologyEdit

Mexican Spanish is a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} form of the language (i.e. using {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and its traditional verb forms for the familiar second person singular). The traditional familiar second person plural pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}—in colloquial use only in Spain—is found in Mexico only in certain archaic texts and ceremonial language. However, since it is used in many Spanish-language Bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it. An instance of it is found in the national anthem, which all Mexicans learn to sing: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Mexicans tend to use the polite personal pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the majority of social situations, especially in Northern Mexico. In the north, children even address their parents with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="caracteristicas"/>

In rural areas of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala, many people use a number of distinct non-standard morphological forms: 2nd person preterite verb forms ending in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, imperfect forms such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'brought, believed', a merger of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} verb conjugations such that 'we live' is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, verb roots other than {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) with non-standard {{#invoke:IPA|main}} such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I believe' for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, an accent shift in the first person plural subjunctive forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'we go', and a shift from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in proparoxytonic third person singular verb forms ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'we sing'). These same verb forms are also found in the traditional Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

SuffixesEdit

Central Mexico is noted for the frequent use of diminutive suffixes with many nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with -n use the suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Use of the diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ('a nice, big house').

When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a mattress (Template:Langx) described as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} might be "nice and soft", while calling it {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} might be heard to mean "too soft".

In some regions of Mexico, the diminutive suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "little coffee"; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "little head"; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "little boy"), and is attached to names ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}—cf. Eng. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is often replaced in informal situations by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).

Frequent use of the diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech. Template:Citation needed

The augmentative suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is typically used in Mexico to make nouns larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in Mexico, means {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; the suffixed form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of the suffixes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; therefore {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

The suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and its feminine counterparts {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to change the word's meaning to make it disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} often refers to a shanty, hut or hovel. The word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("wood") can take the suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to mean "rotten, ugly wood".

Other suffixes include, but are not limited to: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which refers to a very impressive car ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, for example {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "big-nosed" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} = "nose"), or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a female with large feet ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).

NicknamesEdit

It is common to replace {{#invoke:IPA|main}} with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to form diminutives, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Chema, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("beer") → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("without molars") → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("toothless"). This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish.

SyntaxEdit

Typical of Mexican Spanish is an ellipsis of the negative particle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in a main clause introduced by an adverbial clause with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. (Until I took the pill, the pain did not go away.)<ref name=":0" />

In this kind of construction, the main verb is implicitly understood as being negated.

Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America the use of interrogative {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in conjunction with the quantifier {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Kany, p.330</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (How serious are the damages?) (Compare the form typical of Spain: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Is there a lot of damage?))
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (How good a cook are you?) (Compare Spain's "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Are you a good cook?))

It has been suggested that there is influence of indigenous languages on the syntax of Mexican Spanish (as well as that of other areas in the Americas), manifested, for example, in the redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This is more common among bilinguals or in isolated rural areas.<ref name=":0" />

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be used colloquially in place of the superlative {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, as in:

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (That type of treatment is really expensive.)<ref name=":0" />

Mexican Spanish, like that of many other parts of the Americas, prefers the preposition {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in expressions of time spans, as in

  • "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (He was the president of the company for twenty years)—compare the more frequent use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Spain: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"

A more or less recent phenomenon in the speech of central Mexico, having its apparent origin in the State of Mexico, is the use of negation in an unmarked yes/no question. Thus, in place of "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Would you like...?), there is a tendency to ask "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (Wouldn't you like...?).

LexiconEdit

Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain.Template:Example needed<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead url</ref>Template:Citation needed

Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl, Mayan or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and toponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("avocado"), and some are only used in Mexico. The latter include {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "turkey" < Nahuatl {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (although {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "kite" < Nahuatl {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "butterfly"; and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "tomato" < Nahuatl {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin.

Other expressions that are common in colloquial Mexican Spanish include:

  • Template:Wikt-lang: "soon; in a moment". Literally "right now". E.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "As soon as I finish (this)". Considered informal.
  • Template:Wikt-lang:{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=

Template:Fix }} "fight" or "problem". Literally "aggressive woman or girl, or wild female animal". Commonly used among young people.

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "dude", "guy" (literally, "ox"). As an adjective, "dumb", "asinine", "moronic", etc. Not to be confused with "Huey" from the Aztec title "Huey Tlatoani", in which "Huey" is a term of reverence.
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "to talk with (on the telephone)". Used in place of the standard {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: red tomato, in contrast to tomatillos.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "manly". Applied to a woman ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): "manly" or "skillful". From {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, male.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: stuck up, arrogant. Considered vulgar.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: dumb, foolish. Euphemistic in nature.
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "a low-class, boorish, foolish, ignorant and/or uneducated person". Pejorative.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: (1) similar to English "Wow!" (2) "Okay". (3) Exclamation of surprised protest. Abbreviated {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by low-class people in their uneducated variety. May be considered rude.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: used as an adjective to denote something "cool", attractive, good, fun, etc. E.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "This music is very cool." Literally, "father".
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "problem" or "fight". Literally "fart". Also, in a greeting, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("What's up, dude?"). As an adjective, "drunk", e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "to be drunk". Also the noun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "a drunken gathering". All forms are considered vulgar for their connection to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "fart".
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "curly hair".<ref name="Cuervas" /> The word Template:Wikt-lang derives from the Spanish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "pig".<ref name="Cuervas" /> The phrase originally referenced the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (racial type) known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning a person of mixed indigenous and African ancestry whose hair was curly.<ref name="Cuervas">Template:Cite journal</ref> Sometimes erroneously thought to be derived from Spanish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "Chinese".<ref name="Cuervas" />
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "damned", "lousy", more akin to "freaking". E.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("Take your lousy music from here"). As a noun, literally, "kitchen assistant". Considered vulgar.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "drinking straw". From Nahuatl {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the name of a plant from which brooms and drinking straws are made, or the straws themselves.Template:Citation needed
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "to rent"
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "What do you think about it?" Literally "How do you see it?"
  • Template:Wikt-lang: An exclamation, used variously to express surprise, frustration, etc. From {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("son of a..."). Also {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "Beg your pardon?". From {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "to order", formal command form. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally "How?"), as in other countries, is also in use. The use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("What?") on its own is sometimes considered impolite, unless accompanied by a verb: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("What did you say?").
  • Template:Wikt-lang: "What's up?". Literally, "What's the vibe?".
  • Template:Wikt-lang: to be worthless. Literally "to be worth (a) mother".

Most of the words above are considered informal (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.), rude ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.) or vulgar (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and are limited to slang use among friends or in informal settings; foreigners need to exercise caution in their use. In 2009, at an audience for the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Mexico and the Netherlands, the then Crown Prince of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander, made a statement to the audience with a word that, in Mexican Spanish, is considered very vulgar. Evidently oblivious to the word's different connotations in different countries, the prince's Argentine interpreter used the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as the ending to the familiar Mexican proverb "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the tide), without realizing the vulgarity associated with the word in Mexico. The prince, also unaware of the differences, proceeded to say the word, to the bemusement and offense of some of the attendees.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Similar dialectsEdit

New Mexico Spanish has many similarities with an older version of Mexican Spanish, and can be considered part of a Mexican Spanish "macro-dialect".Template:Sfn The small amount of Philippine Spanish has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish, as the colony was initially administered from Mexico City, before being administered directly from Madrid, and had extensive contact via the Manila galleon to Acapulco. Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole language in the Philippines, is based on Mexican Spanish.Template:Citation needed To outsiders, the accents of nearby Spanish-speaking countries in northern Central America, such as El Salvador and Guatemala, might sound similar to those spoken in Mexico, especially in central and southern Mexico.

Influence of NahuatlEdit

The Spanish of Mexico has had various indigenous languages as a linguistic substrate. Particularly significant has been the influence of Nahuatl, especially in the lexicon. However, while in the vocabulary its influence is undeniable, it is hardly felt in the grammar field. In the lexicon, in addition to the words that originated from Mexico with which the Spanish language has been enriched, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "tomato", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rubber", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "chalk", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "chocolate", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "coyote", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "flask", et cetera; the Spanish of Mexico has many Nahuatlismos that confer a lexical personality of its own. It can happen that the Nahuatl word coexists with the Spanish word, as in the cases of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "buddy" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "friend", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "turkey" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "turkey", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "kid" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "boy", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rope" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rope", etc. On other occasions, the indigenous word differs slightly from the Spanish, as in the case of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is another type of sandal; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, hardware store, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a stone mortar, etc. Other times, the Nahuatl word has almost completely displaced the Spanish, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "owl", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cornflour drink", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "straw", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cornfield", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "green bean", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "shack", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "kite", etc. There are many {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "words of indigenous origin" who designate Mexican realities for which there is no Spanish word; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "mesquite", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "sapota", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "jicama", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "ixtle", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "mockingbird", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "husk", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "crate", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hotplate", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "embroidered blouse", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "stone for grinding", etc. The strength of the Nahuatl substrate influence is felt less each day, since there are no new contributions.

  • Frequently used Nahuatlismos: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "avocado", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "peanut", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cocoa", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "coyote", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "buddy", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "chapulin", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "gum", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "chocolate", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "bean", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "corn", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "huachinango", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "turkey", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rubber", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "tomato", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "Mayan (used for people of African descent)", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rope", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cornfield", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "corn husk", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "kite", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "flask" (per suitcase), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "goatee", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "buzzard."
  • Moderately frequent Nahuatlismos: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "axolotl", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "boob" (for female breast), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "shack, hut" {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "youngest child", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "owl", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "street market", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hardware store", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "grass."
  • Purépechismos or Tarasquismos: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "sandal", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "poncho", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "jerkin", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "bundle of rags" (slang for suit), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "salamander", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
  • Other non-Mexican indigenismos: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "flatbread corn", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "armchair", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "chief, headman", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "alligator", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "canoe", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "coati", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hummingbird", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "custard apple", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rags", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "guava", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "hurricane", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "iguana", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "jaguar", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "crab", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "jefen", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "parrot", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "agave", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "corn", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "mammee", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "peanut", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "yam", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rhea", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "papaya", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "canoe", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "puma", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "tobacco", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} " {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cassava."

The extensive use of diminutives in Mexican Spanish has been cited as an example of Nahuatl influence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The use of the suffix -le to give an emphatic character to the imperative form of verbs has also been attributed to Nahuatl. For example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "jump" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "eat" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "go/proceed" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This suffix is considered to be a crossover of the Spanish indirect object pronoun -le with the Nahua excitable interjections, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "strain."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> That the suffix is not in fact an indirect object pronoun can be seen by the fact that it is also used in non-verbal constructions, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "son" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "damn", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "now" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "wow", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "what's up?" > {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "how's it going?", etc.

Navarro Ibarra (2009) offers an alternative explanation of -le as an intensifier, claiming that, instead of working as an indirect object pronoun, -le modifies the verb in such a way that the event it indicates "involves the realization of the event itself as an abstract goal".<ref name="Predicados">Template:Cite thesis</ref>

Influence of EnglishEdit

Mexico has a border of more than 2,500 kilometers with the United States, and receives major influxes of American and Canadian tourists every year. More than 63% of the 57 million Latinos in the United States are assumed as of Mexican origin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> English is the most studied foreign language in Mexico, and the third most spoken after Spanish and the native languages taken together.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Given these circumstances, anglicisms in Mexican Spanish are continuously increasing (as they are also in the rest of the Americas and Spain), including {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to film", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "baseball", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "club", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cocktail", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "leader", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "check", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "sandwich", etc. Mexican Spanish also uses other anglicisms that are not used in all Spanish-speaking countries, including {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to check", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "folder", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "overalls", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "referee", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "lunch bag", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "closet", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "maple syrup", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

English influence, at least in border cities, may result in lower use of the subjunctive, as indicated by a study finding that, among residents of Reynosa, greater contact with the American side correlated with lower use of the subjunctive. This parallels a greater reduction in the use of the subjunctive among Mexican-Americans.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The center of Hispanic Linguistics of UNAM carried out a number of surveys in the project of coordinated study of the cultured linguistic norms of major cities of Ibero-America and of the Iberian Peninsula. The total number of anglicisms was about 4% among Mexican speakers of urban norms.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, this figure includes anglicisms that permeated general Spanish long ago and which are not particular to Mexico, such as buffete, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "nylon", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "dollar", hockey, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "rum", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "railroad car", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "buffer", and others.

The results of this research are summarized as follows:

  • Nouns are more likely to be loaned from English than other parts of speech.
  • Anglicisms in general use: O.K. ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "(beef) steak", bye ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "checkbook", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "click", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "basketball", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "baseball bat", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "baseball", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "boxing", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "horn", clip, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "closet", clutch, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "cocktail", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or shampoo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "check", DJ ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, disk jockey), romance, smoking or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "express", football ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "goal", hit, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (homerun), jeep, jet, van, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or knockout, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "leader", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or nylon, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "overalls", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "poundcake", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "pie", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "pudding", baby shower, rating or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "reverse", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (rim), round ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), set, shorts, show, strike ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "sweater", pants, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (tennis shoes), thinner, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "super market", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "folder", {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or tennis, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "volleyball", vallet parking, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or whisk(e)y.
  • Frequent Anglicisms: bar, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (for Bermuda shorts), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "beer", sport (type of clothing), switch.
  • Moderately used Anglicisms: barman "waiter", King/Queen size, grill, manager, penthouse, pullman, strapless, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or zipper.

Some examples of syntactic anglicisms, which coexist with the common variants, are:

  • Using the verb apply/applying. ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, I applied to that university, instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, I applied to this university)
  • Using the verb to assume with suppose. ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, I assume he is going to the party, instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, I guess he will go to the party)
  • Using the verb access with access to. ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Access our website, instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Access our website).

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

  • Jergas de habla hispana—A Spanish dictionary specializing in dialectal and colloquial variants of Spanish, featuring all Spanish-language countries including Mexico.
  • Latin American Spanish—This is the universal and somewhat arbitrary name that is given to idiomatic and native expressions and to the specific vocabulary of the Spanish language in Latin America.
  • Güey Spanish—Mexican slang dictionary and flashcards.
  • Mexican Spanish slang—Several hundred words of Mexican slang and English meanings.

Template:Languages of Mexico Template:Mexico topics Template:Spanish variants by continent Template:Authority control

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