Mi'ar

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Mi'ar (Template:Langx), was a Palestinian village located 17.5 kilometers east of Acre. Its population in 1945 was 770. The Crusaders referred to it as "Myary". By the 19th century, during Ottoman rule, it was a large Muslim village. The village was a center of Palestinian Arab rebel operations during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine against British rule and consequently the village was completely dynamited by the British. Mi'ar was later restored, but it was depopulated by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The Jewish communities of Atzmon, Ya'ad and Manof are located on former village land.

HistoryEdit

Middle AgesEdit

Mi'ar contained the archaeological remains of buildings, fragments of columns, olive presses, and cisterns.<ref name=Khalidi26/> It was referred to by the Crusaders as "Myary".<ref name=Khalidi26/>

Ottoman eraEdit

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, Mi'ar appeared in the 1596 tax registers as being in the Akka Nahiya (Subdistrict of Acre), part of the Safad Sanjak (District of Safed). It had a population 10 Muslim households, an estimated 55 persons. The villagers paid fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat and barley, fruit, goats and beehives; a total of 1,235 akçe.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977, p. 193, as given in Khalidi, 1992, p. 26</ref><ref>Note that Rhode 1979, p. 6 Template:Webarchive writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref>

In the late 1700, the Italian traveler Giovanni Mariti noted that around al-Damun and Mi'ar were two "delightful valleys, ornamented with groves and wild shrubs. The peasants who live in the hamlets around, enjoy a most pleasant situation."<ref>Mariti, 1792, p. 343</ref>

In 1875, French explorer Victor Guérin visited Mi'ar, and noted that it contained "several trunks of columns, three broken capitals, and a certain number old cut stones, coming from some ancient building. I observed also many blocks of ancient appearance disposed round threshing-floors. There are also cisterns, walls, and caves cut in the rock, which belong to times more or less remote."<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. 434, as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 325</ref> He found Mi'ar to be inhabited by 500 Muslims.<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. 434, as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 271</ref>

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as a large village situated on high ground that was rough and uncultivated. The villagers, whose number was estimated to be 1,500 (in 1859), cultivated some 30 faddans.<ref name=SWP271>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 271. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 26.</ref> A population list from about 1887 showed that Mi'ar had about 480 inhabitants; all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. 176</ref> An elementary school was founded by the Ottomans in 1888, however, it closed its doors in the final years of the Empire.<ref name=Khalidi26/>

British Mandate eraEdit

File:Miar3.png

Mi'ar being blown up by the British in 1938.

British forces drove out the Ottomans in 1917, during World War I, and the British Mandate of Palestine was established in 1920. In the 1922 British census, Mi'ar had a population of 429 Muslims.<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 37</ref> The population increased to 543, still all Muslim, in the 1931 census and the inhabitants lived in a total of 109 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. 102.</ref>

A number of Mi'ar's residents participated in 1936–1939 Arab revolt against British rule and mass Jewish immigration in Palestine, and the village became a center of rebel operations in the Galilee.<ref name="Bethell49">Bethell, 1979, p. 49</ref> The rebels often opened fired on British troops passing near Mi'ar, damaged roads in the vicinity to render them impassable by the British authorities, cut electrical cables, and planted landmines to hit British vehicles.<ref name="Bethell49"/> One of the authorities' controversial methods of suppressing the revolt was the blowing up of houses in a village where there was support for rebels.<ref name="Bethell49"/> On 26 October 1938, two British battalions launched a raid against Mi'ar and began dynamiting the large houses of the village.<ref name="Bethell49"/> They then demanded Mi'ar's mukhtar (headman) to issue a call to the village's rebels to surrender their rifles or else the dynamiting would continue.<ref name="Bethell49"/> No rifles were surrendered and the British resumed their dynamiting of the village's homes.<ref name="Bethell49"/> Mi'ar was entirely destroyed for its alleged support of the rebels.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Mills, J. "British Minesweepers and Dynamite Battle Palestine's Arab Rebels", The Milwaukee Sentinel, Haifa, 26 October 1938.</ref> A New York Times reporter present during the destruction wrote, "When the [British] troops left, there was little else remaining of this once busy village except a pile of mangled masonry."<ref name="Bethell49"/>

The village was rebuilt and in the 1945 statistics, the population of Mi'ar grew to 770, all Muslims.<ref name=1945p4/> A total of 2,878 dunams of village land was used for cereals, while 113 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards.<ref name=Khalidi26/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81</ref>

1948 War and aftermathEdit

According to Ilan Pappé, on 20 June 1948 Israeli troops entered Mi'ar and shot indiscriminately against its residents while they were working in their fields, the village's houses were destroyed and forty inhabitants were killed. One witness to the Israeli attack was the Palestinian writer, Muhammad Ali Taha, then a 17-year-old boy.<ref name="Pappe150">Pappé 2007, p. 150.</ref> Mi'ar's residents later returned and continued living in the village until Israeli troops from the Sheva Brigade reoccupied it on 15 July 1948, as part of the second stage of Operation Dekel.<ref name="Morris421">Morris 2004, p. 421</ref><ref name="Pappe150"/> According to Benny Morris, Mi'ar's 893 inhabitants fled during the Israeli assault,<ref name="Morris421"/> while Pappé asserts that they were expelled.<ref name="Pappe150"/>

The Jewish communities of Segev (now Atzmon), Ya'ad and Manof were built on Mi'ar's lands.<ref name=Khalidi26/><ref name="Pappe150" /> The village's remains in 1992 consisted of "some truncated stone walls, simple graves, and fig and olive trees". The site, which "was largely covered by cypress trees" had become a recreational area.<ref name=Khalidi26/>

Many of the refugees of Mi'ar became internally displaced Palestinians resettled in nearby Kabul, Sha'ab and Arraba.<ref name="Boqai80">Boqa'i 2005, p. 80.</ref> Neighborhoods in each of the villages where Mi'ar refugees and their descendants reside are named Mi'ari after their village of origin.<ref name="Boqai80"/>