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Mid central vowel

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The mid central vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. A reduced mid central vowel is known as a schwa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents either sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a rotated lowercase letter e.

While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association does not define the roundedness of {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfnp a schwa is more often unrounded than rounded. The phonetician Jane Setter describes the pronunciation of the unrounded variant as follows: "a sound which can be produced by basically relaxing the articulators in the oral cavity and vocalising."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To produce the rounded variant, all that needs to be done in addition to that is to round the lips.

Afrikaans contrasts unrounded and rounded mid central vowels; the latter is usually transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA. The contrast is not very stable, and many speakers use an unrounded vowel in both cases.Template:Sfnp

DanishTemplate:Sfnp and LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp have a mid central vowel that is variably rounded. In other languages, the change in rounding is accompanied with the change in height or backness. For instance, in Dutch, the unrounded allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is mid central unrounded {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but its word-final rounded allophone is close-mid front rounded Template:IPAblink, close to the main allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp

"Mid central vowel" and "schwa" do not always mean the same thing, and the symbol Template:Angbr IPA is often used for any obscure vowel, regardless of its precise quality. For instance, the unstressed English vowel transcribed Template:Angbr IPA and called "schwa" is a central unrounded vowel that can be close-mid Template:IPAblink, mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or open-mid Template:IPAblink, depending on the environment.Template:Sfnp The French vowel transcribed that way is closer to Template:IPAblink.

If a mid-central vowel of a language is not a reduced vowel, or if it may be stressed, it may be more unambiguous to transcribe it with one of the other mid-central vowel letters: Template:Angbr IPA for an unrounded vowel or Template:Angbr IPA for a rounded vowel.

Mid central unrounded vowelEdit

Template:Infobox IPA

The mid central unrounded vowel is frequently written with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA. If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the close-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, Template:Angbr IPA, or for the open-mid central unrounded vowel with a raising diacritic, Template:Angbr IPA.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Mid vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian lang}} [ɲə] 'one'
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'light' Also described as open-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} 'air' main}} with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, even in formal speech.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Damascene كرمال [kɪɾ.məːl] 'for the sake of' Realized as /a/ by some speakers.
Bhojpuri lang}} main}} 'to do'
Catalan Balearic lang}} main}} 'dry' Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid Template:IPAblink in Eastern dialects and the close-mid Template:IPAblink in Western dialects. See Catalan phonology
EasternTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'with' Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Some Western accentsTemplate:Sfnp
Chinese Hokkien lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) main}} 'snail'
Mandarin 根/gēn Template:Audio-IPA 'root' See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash ăман main}} 'worm'
Danish StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mare' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'runner' The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
English Most dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp arena main}} 'arena' main}} can be as low as Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See English phonology
Cultivated South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp bird {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bird' May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel Template:IPAblink. See South African English phonology
NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp Often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. It is sulcalized, which means the tongue is grooved like in {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel Template:IPAblink, but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid Template:IPAblink. This vowel corresponds to rhotacized Template:IPAblink in rhotic dialects.
GeordieTemplate:Sfnp bust {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bust' Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use Template:IPAblink. Corresponds to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink in other dialects.
IndianTemplate:Sfnp May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} like Welsh English.
WalesTemplate:Sfnp May also be further back; it corresponds to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink in other dialects.
YorkshireTemplate:Sfnp Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use Template:IPAblink. Corresponds to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink in other dialects.
Faroese Tórshavn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'yellow' See Faroese phonology
Northeastern dialects main}}
Galician Some dialects lang}} main}} 'milk' main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (normally {{#invoke:IPA|main}})
lang}} main}} 'to die' main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in any position
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'fitting' See Standard German phonology
Southern German accentsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'or' Used instead of Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Georgian<ref>Template:Citation</ref> lang}}/Template:Transliteration [dəɡas] 1st person singular 'to stand' Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See Georgian phonology
Kashmiri lang}} main}} 'how many'
Kashubian Kaszëbë main}} 'Kashubia'
KensiuTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to be bald' Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Khanty<ref>Template:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages</ref> lang}} main}} 'early' Reduced vowel. Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Khanty phonology
Khmer lang}} Template:Transliteration main}} 'to transport' See Khmer phonology
Korean Southern Gyeongsang dialect lang}} main}} 'spider' In southern gyeongsang, The sounds ㅡ(eu)/ɯ/ and ㅓ(eo)/ʌ/ merge with /ə/.
lang}} main}} 'net'
Kurdish Sorani (Central) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'cosmos' See Kurdish phonology
Palewani (Southern)
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'thin' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard Indonesian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [bə.rat] 'heavy' See Malay phonology
Standard Malaysian
Johor-Riau {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [a.pə] 'what' Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Malay phonology
Terengganu Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Terengganu Malay
Jakarta {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [da.təŋ] 'to come' Usually occurs around Jakarta, often inherited from earlier Proto-Malayic syllable *-CəC. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the word-final /a/ letter ([a]) changes to an [ə] sound, see Malay phonology.
Palembang
Moksha lang}} [tərvaˑ] 'lip' See Moksha phonology
Norwegian Many dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'the strongest' Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Neapolitan lang}} main}} "Sanctified" The final schwa sound might become "mute" or left out entirely. Schwa sounds might also be denoted with a diaeresis (E.G Santificammö) but it is not universal. See Neapolitan Phonology
PlautdietschTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'means' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Portuguese Brazilian<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> lang}} main}} 'apple' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Romanian<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Chițoran|2001|p=7">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'hairy' See Romanian phonology
Russian Standard lang}} main}} 'cow' See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'garden' main}} is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when it occurs between consonants.Template:Sfnp See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Swedish SouthernTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mitten' main}} in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
Tyap lang}} main}} 'ɡood'
Welsh lang}} [mənɪð] 'mountain' See Welsh phonology

Mid central rounded vowelEdit

Template:Infobox IPA Languages may have a mid central rounded vowel (a rounded {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. However, since no language is known to distinguish all three, there is no separate IPA symbol for the mid vowel, and the symbol Template:Angbr IPA for the close-mid central rounded vowel is generally used instead. If precision is desired, the lowering diacritic can be used, Template:Angbr IPA, or the more rounded diacritic with the schwa symbol, Template:Angbr IPA, or the raising diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol, Template:Angbr IPA, although it is rare to use such precision.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Mid vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Rounded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'air' Also described as open-mid Template:IPAblink,Template:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. Many speakers merge {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, even in formal speech.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Danish StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mare' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch Southern<ref name="cm">Template:Harvcoltxt. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central Template:IPAblink, but more sources (e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt) describe it as central Template:IPAblink. As far as the lowered varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.</ref> lang}} main}} 'hut' Found in certain accents, e.g. in Bruges. Close-mid Template:IPAblink in Standard Dutch.<ref name="cm"/> See Dutch phonology
English California<ref name="eckert">Eckert, Penelope. "Vowel Shifts in California and the Detroit Suburbs". Stanford University.</ref> lang}} main}} 'foot' Part of the California vowel shift.<ref name="eckert"/>Template:Failed verification Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'I' Only somewhat rounded;Template:Sfnp may be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. Also described as close-mid Template:IPAblink.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology

German Chemnitz dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'bliss' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.Template:Sfnp
Irish MunsterTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'school' main}} between a broad and a slender consonant.Template:Sfnp See Irish phonology
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'thin' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'nut' Also described as open-mid front Template:IPAblink;Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. See Norwegian phonology
Plautdietsch Canadian Old ColonyTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'bumps' Mid-centralized from Template:IPAblink, to which it corresponds in other dialects.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'full' Pronounced with compressed lips, more closely transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Less often described as close-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
Tajik Northern dialects lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'mountain' Typically described as close-mid Template:IPAblink. See Tajik phonology

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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