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A milkshake (sometimes simply called a shake) is a sweet beverage made by blending milk, ice cream, and flavorings or sweeteners such as butterscotch, caramel sauce, chocolate syrup, or fruit syrup into a thick, sweet, cold mixture. It may also be made using a base made from non-dairy products, including plant milks such as almond milk, coconut milk, or soy milk. Dry ingredients such as whole fruit, nuts, seeds, candy, or cookies may be incorporated.
Milkshakes originated in the United States around the turn of the 20th century, and grew in popularity following the introduction of electric blenders in the subsequent two decades. They became a common part of youth popular culture, as ice cream shops were a culturally acceptable meeting place for youth, and milkshakes became symbolic of the innocence of youth.
PreparationEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Full-service restaurants, ice cream shops, soda fountains, and diners usually prepare the shake in a milkshake machine. At home, a blender is more commonly used. Milkshakes can also be mixed by hand using a spoon. Milkshakes may be made from any flavor of ice cream; additional flavorings, such as chocolate syrup, malt syrup, or malted milk powder, are often added prior to mixing.
Many fast food outlets do not make shakes from the individual ingredients; rather, they use automatic milkshake machines which freeze and serve a pre-made milkshake mixture consisting of milk, a sweetened flavoring agent, and a thickening agent. These are similar to soft-serve ice cream machines, but they keep the shake at a drinkable consistency.
TerminologyEdit
Terminology around the distinction between a milkshake that uses ice cream and other forms of flavored milk varies regionally. An ice cream-based milkshake may be called a thick shake to distinguish it. In parts of New England and eastern Canada, the name frappe (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is used.<ref>milk shake. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rhode Island residents sometimes refer to milkshakes as "cabinets".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A milkshake containing malted milk powder is sometimes called a malt. The term concrete is used for particularly thick milkshakes that do not spill when turned upside down, such as those offered by the restaurant chain Culver's.<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET Text accompanying illustration on a poster advertising Hood's Ice Cream (observed in Hancock Pharmacy, State and Hancock Sts., Springfield, Mass., September 30, 1952).</ref>
In some jurisdictions there are legal requirements about what can be called a "milkshake", such as requirements for the percentage presence of milk fat and non-fat milk solids. Because of this, it is common for restaurants to avoid using the term "milkshake" to refer to their products, such as simply calling them "shakes" rather than "milkshakes". Fast food restaurants that do not refer to their similar products as "milkshakes" include Wendy's (which calls their product a "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, and Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
1880s–1930sEdit
When the term milkshake was first used in print in 1885,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a milkshake was an alcoholic whiskey drink that has been described as a "sturdy, healthful eggnog type of drink, with eggs, whiskey, etc., served as a tonic as well as a treat".<ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) Listening to America, Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, Template:ISBN</ref> However, by 1900, the term referred to "wholesome drinks made with chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla syrups". By the "early 1900s people were asking for the new treat, often with ice cream". By the 1930s, milkshakes were a popular drink at malt shops, which were the "typical soda fountain of the period ... used by students as a meeting place or hangout".<ref name="stuart"/>
The history of the electric blender, malted milk drinks, and milkshakes are interconnected. Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings.<ref>Vanilla Milk Shake Recipe from the "Second Edition of The Neighborhood Cookbook" published by the Council of Jewish Women, Portland, in 1914. Fill a glass two-thirds full of milk, sweeten to taste with any fruit syrup or with sugar, and then flavor with vanilla. Fill glass up with cracked ice and shake well together until thoroughly mixed. http://www.homemade-dessert-recipes.com/milk-shake-recipes.html</ref> Hamilton Beach introduced its Cyclone Drink Mixer in 1910, and it was widely used in soda fountains.<ref>Frederick J. Osius, "Agitator implement", U.S. Patent 1,005,653, filed September 20, 1910, issued October 10, 1911.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, 2015, Template:Isbn, s.v.</ref>
The Hamilton Beach design, with the motor on top, remains the most common kind of milkshake machine.Template:Citation needed In 1922, Steven Poplawski invented the bottom-motor blender, which is sometimes used for making milkshakes.<ref>Poplawski, Stephen J. US Patent US1480914 – Beverage mixer, Issued February 18, 1922</ref> With the invention of the blender, milkshakes began to take their modern, whipped, aerated, and frothy form.
The use of malted milk powder in milkshakes was popularized in the US by the Chicago drugstore chain Walgreens. Malted milk powder – a mixture of evaporated milk, malted barley, and wheat flour – was invented by William Horlick in 1897 for use as an easily digested restorative health drink for disabled people and children, and as an infant's food.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, healthy people soon began drinking beverages made with malted milk simply for the taste,<ref name="Wisconsin Historical"/> and malted milk beverages containing milk, chocolate syrup, and malt powder became a standard offering at soda fountains. In 1922, Walgreens employee Ivar "Pop" Coulson made a milkshake by adding two scoops of vanilla ice cream to the standard malted milk drink recipe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This item, under the name "Horlick's Malted Milk", was featured by the Walgreen drugstore chain as part of a chocolate milkshake, which itself became known as a "malted" or "malt" and became one of the most popular soda-fountain drinks.<ref>The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 196–197)</ref>
The automation of milkshakes developed in the 1930s, after the invention of freon-cooled refrigerators provided a safe, reliable way of automatically making and dispensing ice cream. In 1936, inventor Earl Prince used the basic concept behind the Freon-cooled automated ice cream machine to develop the Multimixer, a "five-spindled mixer that could produce five milkshakes at once, all automatically, and dispense them at the pull of a lever into awaiting paper cups".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Newspaper articles from the late 1930s suggest the term 'frosted' was sometimes used to refer to milkshakes, particularly those made with ice cream. In 1937, the Denton Journal in Maryland stated that "For a 'frosted' shake, add a dash of your favorite ice cream." In 1939, the Mansfield News in Ohio stated that "A frosted beverage, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream has been added. Example par excellence is frosted coffee –that hot, tasty beverage made chilly with ice and frosty with ice cream."<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET</ref>
1940s–1950sEdit
By the 1950s, popular places to drink milkshakes were Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, and drugstore soda fountains. These establishments often prominently displayed a shining chrome or stainless steel milkshake mixing machine.<ref>Diner Style Template:Webarchive. Artsparx.com. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.</ref>
These establishments made milkshakes in Hamilton Beach or similar styles of drink mixers, which had spindles and agitators that folded air into the drinks for "smooth, fluffy results" and served them in Template:Convert tall glasses with bulbous top. Soda fountain staff had their own jargon, such as "Burn One All the Way" (chocolate malted with chocolate ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (chocolate malted with an egg), "Shake One in the Hay" (a strawberry shake), and a "White Cow" (a vanilla milkshake).<ref>Shake One in the Hay. Template:Webarchive New York First</ref> In the 1950s, a milkshake machine salesman named Ray Kroc bought exclusive rights to the 1930s-era Multimixer milkshake maker from inventor Earl Prince, and went on to use automated milkshake machines to speed up production at McDonald's restaurants.<ref>Happy Meals in Kitty Hawk: How the Wright Brothers Spawned a Burger Nation Template:Webarchive. Jyi.org. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.</ref>
Milkshakes had also become popular in other parts of the world, including the United Kingdom and Australia. In Australia, milk bars had grown popular and milkshakes were normally served lightly whipped and often in the aluminum or stainless steel cups in which they were prepared. In addition to more traditional flavors, spearmint and lime-flavored milkshakes became popular in Australia.
2000s–presentEdit
In 2006, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service developed reduced-sugar, low-fat milk shakes for lunch programs. The shakes have half the sugar and only 10% of the fat of commercial fast-food shakes. Schools need a milk shake machine or soft-serve ice cream machine to serve the milkshakes. The milkshakes also have added fiber and other nutrients and reduced levels of lactose, which makes the shakes suitable for some people with lactose intolerance.<ref>Konstance, Richard P. (May 2000) "Shaking Up the Future". Agricultural Research magazine.</ref>
U.S. sales of milkshakes, malts, and floats rose 11% in 2006, according to the industry research firm NPD Group. Christopher Muller, the director of the Center for Multi-Unit Restaurant Management at Orlando's University of Central Florida said that "milkshakes remind us of summer, youth – and indulgence", and "they're evocative of a time gone by".<ref name="usa">Fancier ways to get brain freeze. By Bruce Horovitz, USA TODAY</ref> Muller stated that milkshakes are an "enormously profitable" item for restaurants, since the drinks contain so much air. The market research firm Technomic states that about 75% of the average-priced $3.38 restaurant shake in 2006 was profit. An executive from Sonic Drive-In, a U.S. chain of 1950s-style diner restaurants, calls shakes "one of our highest-volume, revenue-producing areas".<ref name="usa"/>
A 2016 article stated that chefs are trying out innovative ideas with milkshakes to keep customers interested in the drinks.<ref name="nrn.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The article noted that coffee-flavored shakes are popular "because it complements both sweet and savory" dishes. Another trend is using different types of milk, such as almond milk, coconut milk, soy milk, or hemp milk.<ref name="nrn.com"/>
Use in protestsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In May 2019, during the build-up to the EU parliament elections in the United Kingdom, the throwing of milkshakes emerged as a protest tactic, usually targeting right-wing politicians. The movement originated with the "milkshaking" of Tommy Robinson, with a second thrown later that month.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The UK police requested that an Edinburgh McDonald's refrain from selling milkshakes on May 17 during a visit by Nigel Farage. This prompted Burger King to tweet in response: "We're selling milkshakes all weekend. Have fun."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Burger King's tweet was later banned by the UK's Advertising Standards Authority, because they felt that it "condoned the previous anti-social behaviour and encouraged further instances", and that it was therefore an "irresponsible" advertisement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At a separate visit in Newcastle on May 20, Farage had a Five Guys milkshake thrown at him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Carl Benjamin had a total of four milkshakes thrown at him that week.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The act of milkshaking is similar to that of egging as a form of protest against political figures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
Template:In popular culture Filmmakers sometimes utilize milkshakes as a visual shorthand for themes of purity, innocence, and uncorrupted youth, representing them as embodiments of 'sweetness and goodness.<ref name="denofgeek.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In All About Eve, by director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Bette Davis's character is unhappy to see a man she likes chatting up her young female assistant, so Davis's character orders an alcoholic Martini, and "then mockingly suggests [that] Eve [the young assistant] will have a milkshake", thereby "asserting womanhood over girlhood through milkshake's associations with virginity".<ref name="denofgeek.com"/> Similarly, the socially awkward character Steve Buscemi plays in Ghost World is made fun of by a teenage girl because he orders a "virginal vanilla milkshake"; in Manhattan, by director Woody Allen, the director draws attention to the difference in age between his 42-year-old character (he also acts in the lead role) and his teenage girlfriend by having her drink a milkshake. In the film Lolita in 1997, a teenage girl drinks a milkshake while she is with the middle-aged man (her mother's new boyfriend) who is attracted to her.<ref name="denofgeek.com"/>
The characters from Archie Comics are often depicted drinking milkshakes. The TV series Riverdale, inspired by the comics, depicts the characters in a 1950s-inspired local diner, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; to promote the show, the cast shared a milkshake during an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.<ref name="swartz1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Master Shake, one of the main characters from the American animated series Aqua Teen Hunger Force (also known by various alternative titles), is a life-sized anthropomorphic milkshake.
In Kelis' 2003 hit single "Milkshake" the name of beverage is repeated throughout the song.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Milkshakes are prominently featured in the song's video clip, which features characters consuming them in a diner.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
The term Milkshake Duck, coined on Twitter in 2017, refers to a person who initially becomes popular on social media, only to become disgraced as other users comb through their online presence and find offensive statements or an unpleasant history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Health shake
- Keventers Milkshake – an Indian milkshake brand
- Shake Shack – an American fast food restaurant chain emphasizing shakes
- Smoothie
- Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)
- McDonald's ice cream machine – the machine used to make ice cream and shakes at McDonald's
- Faloodeh – a liquid dessert or ice cream.