Milwaukee Deep
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Milwaukee Deep, also known as the Milwaukee Depth, is the deepest part of the Puerto Rico Trench, constituting the deepest points in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="ucsd1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Together with the surrounding seabed area, known as Brownson Deep, the Milwaukee Deep forms an elongated depression that constitutes the floor of the trench. As there is no geomorphological distinction between the two, it has been proposed that the use of both names to refer to distinct areas should be reviewed.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
During the Five Deeps Expedition, explorer Victor Vescovo achieved the first crewed descent to the location on 21 December 2018.<ref name=":2" /> Media outlets overwhelmingly referred to the area as the Brownson Deep,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the name Milwaukee Deep was used by others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, likely due to the factors mentioned above, the expedition has not used any particular name to refer to the site of their Atlantic dive.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> It is named for the USS Milwaukee, which recorded the first echo soundings of the Puerto Rico Trench in 1939,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and was itself named for the city of Milwaukee.
Located roughly Template:Convert north of the coast of the main island of Puerto Rico at Punto Palmas Altas in Manatí,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mit1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> the maximum depth of the Milwaukee Deep is Template:Convert, as directly measured by Vescovo during his 2018 descent to the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":2" /> The maximum depth of the Milwaukee Deep has also been reported at Template:Convert<ref name="ucsd1" /> in 1940 by geologist and oceanographer Thomas Wayland Vaughan, Template:Convert<ref name="Lyman-1954">Template:Cite journal</ref> in 1954 by John Lyman, professor of oceanography at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Template:Convert<ref name=":0" /> in 2014 by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), and Template:Convert<ref name=":0" /> in 2018 by marine geologist Heather Stewart and marine biologist Alan Jamieson. Stewart and Jamieson also reported a maximum depth of Template:Convert<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> in 2019 and Template:Convert<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in 2021.
HistoryEdit
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The ocean floor feature is named for the USS Milwaukee (CL-5), a U.S. Navy Omaha class cruiser, which discovered the Milwaukee Deep on February 14, 1939 with a reading of Template:Convert.<ref name="ucsd2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WWII">Template:Cite book</ref> On August 19, 1952, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife vessel Theodore N. Gill obtained a reading of Template:Convert at (Template:Coord), virtually identical with the MilwaukeeTemplate:'s reading. By then, the existence of deep water to the Atlantic Ocean side of the Caribbean had been known for more than a century.
One of the area's earliest soundings was obtained June 12, 1852 by Lt. S. P. Lee, U.S. Navy brig Dolphin, with a reading of Template:Convert at (Template:Coord).<ref name="Lyman-1954" />
Crewed descentsEdit
In 1964, the French submersible Archimède explored the Puerto Rico Trench to a depth of approximately Template:Convert but did not reach its deepest point.<ref name=":2"/>
On 21 December 2018 Victor Vescovo made the first crewed descent to the deepest point of the trench in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle DSV Limiting Factor (a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) and measured a depth of Template:Convert by direct CTD pressure measurements.<ref name=":2"/> This made the Limiting Factor the deepest diving operational submersible at the time.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="202100505RMS">Template:Cite journal</ref>