Moscow State University

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Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,Template:Efn is a public research university in Moscow, Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, and six branches. Alumni of the university include past leaders of the Soviet Union and other governments. As of 2019, 13 Nobel laureates, six Fields Medal winners, and one Turing Award winner were affiliated with the university.

HistoryEdit

File:Указ об основании Московского Университета.jpg

Decree on the foundation of the Moscow State University

Imperial Moscow UniversityEdit

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File:Moscow Red Square rathaus, survey by Bove, 1816.jpg

The Principal Medicine Store building on Red Square that housed Moscow University from 1755 to 1787

Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on Template:OldStyleDate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The first lectures were given on Template:OldStyleDate. Saint Petersburg State University and MSU each claim to be Russia's oldest university. Though Moscow State University was founded in 1755, St. Petersburg which has had a continuous existence as a "university" since 1819 sees itself as the successor of an academy established on in 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great.Template:Citation needed

MSU originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787. Catherine the Great transferred the university to a building on the other side of Mokhovaya Street, constructed between 1782 and 1793, to a design by Matvei Kazakov, and rebuilt by Domenico Giliardi after fire consumed much of Moscow in 1812.Template:Citation needed

File:Mgu 1798.jpg

Main buildings of the university in Mokhovaya Street, 1798

In the 18th century, the university had three departments: philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the university until its abolition in 1812. In 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen (Благородный пансион) which in 1830 became a gymnasium for Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the newspaper in Imperial Russia: Moskovskie Vedomosti.Template:Citation needed

In 1804, medical education split into clinical (therapy), surgical, and obstetrics faculties. Between 1884 and 1897, the Department of Medicine built a medical campus in Devichye Pole, between the Garden Ring and Novodevichy Convent; designed by Template:Ill, with university doctors like Nikolay Sklifosovskiy and Fyodor Erismann acting as consultants. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from Moscow University in 1930. Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions.Template:Citation needed

The roots of student unrest in the university reach deep into the nineteenth century. In 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the university and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the university. In 1911, in a protest over the introduction of troops onto the campus and mistreatment of certain professors, 130 scientists and professors resigned en masse, including Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinskiy, Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev, and Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin; thousands of students were expelled.Template:Citation needed

Moscow State UniversityEdit

1917–49Edit

After the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the university abolished tuition fees, and established a preparatory facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalin's first five-year plan (1928–32), prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of the newly expanded university.Template:Citation needed

1950–99Edit

File:Moscow University stamp 1960.png

A 1962 Soviet stamp features Moscow State University.

In 1970, the university imposed a 2% quota on Jewish students.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 2014 article entitled "Math as a tool of anti-semitism" in The Mathematics Enthusiast discussed antisemitism in the Moscow State University's Department of Mathematics during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the mid-1980s, the Dean of MSU's law faculty was dismissed for taking bribes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year, the university gained a unique status: it is funded directly from the state budget (bypassing the Ministry of Education).Template:Citation needed

On 6 September 1997, French electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre used the front of the university as the backdrop for a concert. The concert attracted a paying crowd of half a million people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2000–2020Edit

File:RIAN archive 113828 Students' holiday, St. Tatyana's Day and the 250th anniversary of Moscow State University named after M. Lomonosov..jpg

Students celebrating the 250th anniversary of the university in 2005

In 2007, MSU Rector Viktor Sadovnichy said that corruption in Russia's education system was a "systemic illness," and that he had seen an ad guaranteeing a perfect score on entrance exams to MSU, for a significant fee.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 19 March 2008, Russia's most powerful supercomputer to date, the SKIF MSU (Template:Langx; skif means 'Scythian' in Russian) was launched at the university. Its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS (LINPACK – 47.170 TFLOPS) made it the fastest supercomputer in the Commonwealth of Independent States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2012, Mikhail Basharatyan, Deputy Dean of the MSU World Economy Department, was fired for taking a bribe from a pupil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In February 2013, Andrei Andriyanov resigned as head of the Kolmogorov Special Educational and Scientific Center of the university, after an investigation concluded that he had included fake references in his doctoral thesis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2020–presentEdit

In March 2022, Victor Sadovnichy, rector of Moscow State University and president of the Russian Union of Rectors, was the lead signature in a public statement endorsing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="yaledailynews.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rsr-online.ru">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In reaction, Academia Europaea, a pan-European academy, suspended the membership of Sadovnichy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response to the Russian invasion, that same month Yale University, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, University of Potsdam, and HKU Business School suspended their longstanding relationships with the university, and the University of St Andrews suspended a joint master's degree programme with the university.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Intel and AMD, the largest chip manufacturers in the world, whose processors are used in the Moscow State University supercomputer, as well as Nvidia, reacted by suspending deliveries of their processors to Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CampusEdit

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File:MSUSoilScienceFaculty1.JPG

Building of the Faculties of Biology and of Soil Science

Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, in southwest Moscow. In the post-war era, Joseph Stalin ordered seven tiered neoclassic towers to be built around the city. It was built using Gulag labour, as were many of Stalin's Great Construction Projects in Russia.<ref>Figes, O. (2013) 'Just Send Me Word – A True Story of Love and Survival in the Gulag' p. 192, Penguin Books: London.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The MSU main building was the tallest building in Europe until 1990. The central tower is 240 m tall, 36 stories high.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:MoscowUniversityLibrary.jpg

The university library

Along with the university administration, the Museum of Earth Sciences and faculties of Mechanics and Mathematics, Geology, Geography, and Fine and Performing Arts are in the main building. The building on Mokhovaya Street houses the Faculty of Journalism, the Faculty of Psychology, and Institute of Asian and African Countries. A number of faculty buildings are located near Manege Square in the centre of Moscow and a number of campuses abroad in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.Template:Citation needed The Ulyanovsk branch of MSU was reorganized into Ulyanovsk State University in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FacultiesEdit

File:Viktor Sadovnichiy 2023.jpg

Rector Viktor Sadovnichiy

File:Msu-Languagebuilding-seabhcan.JPG

The first Humanities Building

File:Moscow 05-2012 Mokhovaya 05.jpg

Template:As of, the Old Building housed the Department of Oriental studies.

As of 2009, the university had 39 faculties and 15 research centres. A number of small faculties opened, such as Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and Higher School of Television. The full list of faculties is as follows:<ref name=structure>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Institutions and research centersEdit

Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Institute of Mechanics<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Sternberg Astronomical Institute
A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Research Computing Center<ref>Research Computing Center</ref>
N.N. Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Problems of Microphysics
White Sea Biological Station
Moscow University Herbarium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Academic reputationEdit

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File:Moskva MGU 1.jpg

The main building in winter

In world rankings, MSU was ranked 101st–150th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 87th by QS World University Rankings 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The university has contacts with universities throughout the world, exchanging students and lecturers. It houses the UNESCO International Demography Courses and Hydrology Courses. In 1991 the French University College, the Russian-American University, and the Institute of German Science and Culture were opened.Template:Citation needed

The institution's academic reputation was severely undermined because of its support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="yaledailynews.com"/><ref name="rsr-online.ru"/> (See: sanctions).

Staff and studentsEdit

The university employs more than 4,000 academics and 15,000 support staff.Template:Citation needed Approximately 5,000 researchers work at the university's research institutes and facilities.<ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than 40,000 undergraduates and 7,000 advanced degree candidates are enrolled.<ref name="auto3"/> Annually, the university hosts approximately 2,000 students, graduate students, and researchers from around the world.Template:Citation needed

Notable peopleEdit

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Notable alumni of Moscow State University
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As of 2017, 13 Nobel laureates, 6 Fields Medal winners and one Turing Award winner had been affiliated with the university. It is the alma mater of writers Anton Chekhov, Boris Pasternak, and Ivan Turgenev; politicians Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Suslov, and Ruslan Khasbulatov; and mathematicians and physicists Vladimir Arnold, Boris Demidovich, Vladimir Drinfeld, Vitaly Ginzburg, Andrey Kolmogorov, Grigory Margulis, Andrei Sakharov, and Yakov Sinai.

Moscow State University in philatelyEdit

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Russian and Soviet stamps
Stamp of USSR 1576g.jpg

1950 postage stamp:
the project of the 26-storey building of Moscow State University
Stamp of USSR 1837.jpg

1955 postage stamp:
the old university building
Stamp of USSR 1838.jpg

1955 postage stamp:
the new university building
Stamp of USSR 2047.jpg

1957 postage stamp:
Moscow Festival of Youth and Students
1958 CPA 2173.jpg

1958 postage stamp:
V Congress of the International Union of Architects
1958 CPA 2198.jpg

1958 postage stamp:
X Congress of the International Astronomical Union in the new university building
Rus Stamp-MORF 200.jpg

2002 postage stamp:
200th anniversary of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Rus Stamp-MGU 250.jpg

2005 postage stamp:
250th anniversary of Moscow State University