Moses Horowitz
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Moses Ha-Levi Horowitz (February 27, 1844<ref name=Baker>Baker 1998.</ref><ref>Rosenthal and Gorin, Jewish Encyclopedia gives his birthdate as "the 7th of Adar, 1844."</ref> – March 4, 1910), also known as Moishe Hurvitz, Moishe Isaac Halevy-Hurvitz, etc., was a playwright and actor in the early years of Yiddish theater.<ref name=Bercovici>Bercovici, O sută de ani…</ref> Jacob Adler describes him as an "authorit[y] on dramaturgy", but also remarks that before being part of the Yiddish theater in London in the mid-1880s he had "wandered in different lands, involved himself in various undertakings, and then moved on often leaving, it is said not altogether pleasant memories behind him." He was one of the few figures in the early years of Yiddish theater who did not participate in the boom years in Imperial Russia (1879–1883).<ref>Adler, 1999, 266, 268</ref>
Famous for the speed with which he turned out his plays (usually in no more than three days), he would sometimes start actors rehearsing the first two acts of a play while he wrote the third backstage.<ref name=Bercovici/>
LifeEdit
Horowitz was born in Stanislau, eastern Galicia (then a province of Austria-Hungary, now in Ukraine).<ref name=Baker /><ref name=JE>Rosenthal and Gorin, Jewish Encyclopedia.</ref> He received the usual Jewish education, and also studied German.<ref name=JE/> At age eighteen, he became a Hebrew teacher in Iaşi, Romania, before moving to Bucharest, where he became director of a Jewish school, a position from which he was dismissed, after which he converted from Judaism to Christianity and became a missionary.Template:Citation needed He later claimed to have served as professor of geography at the University of Bucharest.<ref name=Baker /><ref>At [Adler, 1999, 125n], Lulla Rosenfeld also mentions him as a self-styled "professor" who had converted to Christianity, but does not provide comparable detail.</ref>
In Romania in 1877, he converted back to JudaismTemplate:Citation needed and, having been turned down as a playwright by Goldfaden,<ref name=Baker /> who wrote all of his own company's plays, Horowitz (along with Joseph Lateiner) began to write plays for Israel Grodner and Sigmund Mogulesko after they left Goldfaden's troupe. A favorite of Bucharest intellectuals, he was at that time known for historical dramas, sometimes with improvised monologues (especially for his own roles); he was initially seen as a more serious playwright than Goldfaden, who at this time was writing vaudevilles, light operetta, and the occasional melodrama.<ref name=Bercovici/> Goldfaden's work would soon take a more serious turn,<ref name=Bercovici/> while Horowitz eventually became "a 'specialist' in the 'shund' (lowbrow) genre.".<ref name=Baker />
Horowitz soon put together a troupe of his own, including actor Abba Schoengold, with which he toured eastern Romania.<ref name=125n>Adler, 1999, 125n</ref> He went to New York City either in 1884<ref name=JE/> or at the end of 1886,<ref name=Baker /> taking with him a company of his own.<ref name=JE/> At the Roumanian Opera House, he presented Tisa Eslar, oder, Di Farshverung, a play he had already written in Romania about the 1882 blood libel trial in the Hungarian town of Tiszaeszlar; he also produced a sequel, Der Protses in Tisa Eslar ("The trial in Tiszaeszlar"). One of these plays was still being produced as late as 1913, in Iaşi.<ref name=Baker />
He wrote no less than 169 plays, Das Polishe Yingel being his first dramatic production. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, among his more successful plays are: Schlome Chochom, Kuzri, Chochmath Noshim, Ben Hador, and Jizius Mizrujym.<ref name=JE /> Israil Bercovici also singles out his Sabbatai Zvi and Tragedy of Tisza-Eszlar, both from 1884.<ref name=Bercovici/> Most of Horowitz's plays were historical, but he also wrote "zeit piessen" on topical subjects, such as a play about the Homestead Strike of 1892, one about a 1903 pogrom in Chişinău,<ref name=JE/> and a distinctly socialist take on the 1889 Johnstown flood written while working with Boris Thomashefsky in Chicago.Template:Citation needed The most successful of his "zeit piessen" was Tissa Eslar. Many of his dramas were composed in the course of a few days, and he utilized without hesitation whole scenes of foreign dramas. Though a successful playwright, Horowitz failed as an actor, and after he went to America he abandoned acting entirely.<ref name=JE/>
At one time quite wealthy and "the best-dressed man on the Lower East Side,"<ref name=NYTobit>Template:Cite news</ref> he died poor. After the success of his 1904 play Ben Hador, he lost all of his money on an unsuccessful venture in 1905 to present grand opera in Yiddish at the Windsor Theatre, on the Bowery;<ref>"Petitions in Bankruptcy". New York Times. February 9, 1905. p. 12, under subheading, "Morris Heine and Moses Horowitz". The petition in question was filed by Isaac Lipschitz, a creditor, against Heine and Horowitz, as former managers of the Windsor Theatre at 47 and 49 Bowery.</ref> shortly after that, he was stricken with paralysis, and lived out his last years in the Montefiore Home, provided for by his friends. He died in Montefiore, and was buried in Washington Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.<ref name=NYTobit/>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- "Yiddish Dramatist Dead", New York Times, March 5, 1910, 9.
- "1,500 at Dramatist's Burial", New York Times, March 7, 1910, 9.
- Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, Template:ISBN, 125 (commentary), 266, 268, 314.
- Zachary Baker, "'Tisa-Eslar,' by 'Professor' Hurwitz" [listserv post], Mendele: Yiddish literature and language, Vol. 07.187, April 17, 1998. Accessed online 11 March 2017.
- Bercovici, Israil, O sută de ani de teatru evreiesc în România ("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language edition, revised and augmented by Constantin Măciucă. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998). Template:ISBN. See the article on the author for further publication information.
- Rosenthal, Herman and Gorin, Bernard "Horowitz, Moses Ha-Levi" in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906)