List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution in late 1857.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They were supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where they gave their last stand against the British forces in India.

The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (Template:Reign), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, page 105 Template:Webarchive, Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,<ref>"The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" Template:Webarchive . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg

Genealogy of the Mughal dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.

Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj in India.<ref name=spear>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Background

Titular emperors

Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.

1. Shahryar Mirza (1627 - 1628)
2. Dawar Baksh (1627 - 1628)
3. Jahangir II (1719 - 1720)

List of Mughal Emperors

Portrait	Titular Name	Birth Name	Birth	Reign	Death
1 - File:Idealized portrait of Babur (1483-1530) in Persian style, painted circa 1605-1615 in India (British Museum 1921,1011,0.3).jpg	Babur Template:Uninastaliq	Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	14 February 1483 Andijan	20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 (Template:Time interval)	26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra
2 - File:Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png	Humayun Template:Uninastaliq	Nasir ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	6 March 1508 Kabul	26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540 (Template:Time interval) 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (Template:Time interval)	27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi
3 - File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg	Akbar Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	15 October 1542 Umerkot	11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (Template:Time interval)	27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra
4 - File:Jahangircrop.jpeg	Jahangir Template:Uninastaliq	Nur ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	31 August 1569 Agra	3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (Template:Time interval)	28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber<ref name="Allan 1934 p. 398">Template:Cite book</ref>
5 - File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg	Shah Jahan Template:Uninastaliq	Shihab ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	5 January 1592 Lahore	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (Template:Time interval)	22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra
6 - File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg	Aurangzeb Template:Uninastaliq Alamgir Template:Uninastaliq	Muhi al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	3 November 1618 Gujarat	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (Template:Time interval)	3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar
7 - File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg	Azam Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	28 June 1653 Burhanpur	14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 (3 months 6 days)	20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra
8 - File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg	Bahadur Shah I Template:Uninastaliq Shah Alam I Template:Uninastaliq	Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam Template:Uninastaliq	14 October 1643 Burhanpur	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days)	27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore
9 - File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg	Jahandar Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Muiz ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq First Puppet emperor	9 May 1661 Deccan	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days)	12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi
10 - File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg	Farrukhsiyar Template:Uninastaliq	Muin al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha	20 August 1685 Aurangabad	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days)	19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi
11 - File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg	Rafi ud-Darajat Template:Uninastaliq	Shams al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha	1 December 1699	28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days)	6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra
12 - File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg	Shah Jahan II Template:Uninastaliq	Rafi al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha	5 January 1696	6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days)	18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra
13 - File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg	Muhammad Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Nasir al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha	7 August 1702 Ghazni	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days)	26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi
14 - File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg	Ahmad Shah Bahadur Template:Uninastaliq	Mujahid al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	23 December 1725 Delhi	29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (6 years, 37 days)	1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi
15 - File:Alamgir II of India.jpg	Alamgir II Template:Uninastaliq	Aziz al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	6 June 1699 Burhanpur	3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days)	29 November 1759 (aged 60) India
16 - File:Shah Jahan III of India.jpg	Shah Jahan III Template:Uninastaliq	Muhi al-Millat Template:Uninastaliq	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (0 years, 282 days)	1772 (aged 60–61)
17 - File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg	Shah Alam II Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar Template:Uninastaliq	25 June 1728 Delhi	10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (27 years, 301 days)	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
18 - File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg	Shah Jahan IV Template:Uninastaliq	Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah Template:Uninastaliq	1749 Delhi	31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (0 years, 63 days)	1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi
17* - File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg	Shah Alam II Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior	25 June 1728 Delhi	16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (18 years, 339 days)	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
19 - File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg	Akbar Shah II Template:Uninastaliq	Muin al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Puppet emperor under the East India Company	22 April 1760 Mukundpur	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (30 years, 321 days)	28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi
20 - File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg	Bahadur Shah II Zafar Template:Uninastaliq	Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	24 October 1775 Delhi	28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days)	7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon

See also

• Timurid family tree
• Mughal-Mongol genealogy
• Mughal Empire

References

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
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• Template:Citation
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• Keay, John, India, a History, 2000, HarperCollins, Template:ISBN
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• Template:Country study – India Template:Webarchive Pakistan Template:Webarchive