Mujaddid

A mujaddid (Template:Langx) is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (Template:Langx) to the religion.<ref name=faruqi>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="MICE">Template:Cite book</ref> According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),<ref name="Neal Robinson 2013 pp. 85-89">Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, Template:ISBN, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89</ref> recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:

Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.{{#if:Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278<ref>Template:Hadith-usc</ref>|{{#if:|}}

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Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.<ref>Fath al-Baari (13/295)</ref><ref>Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)</ref>

Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.<ref name="MICE"/>

List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids

Template:Multiple imageWhile there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya<ref name="Ghulam">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed<ref name="Jesudas M. Athyal 2015 p 1">Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. Template:ISBN.</ref> have their own list of mujaddids.<ref name="MICE"/>

First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)<ref name="livingislam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Second century (August 10, 815)

• Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Waines">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Izalat al-Khafa">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Paradise Lost">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855)<ref>Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98</ref>

Third century (August 17, 912)

• Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/>
• Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)<ref name="Waines"/><ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. Template:ISBN</ref>

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

• Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/>
• Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj">Template:Cite book</ref>

Fifth century (September 1, 1106)

• Ibn Hazm (994–1064)<ref name="ReferenceB">The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez</ref>
• Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Waines"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/><ref name="thepenmagazine">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566</ref><ref>Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421</ref>
• Abdul Qadir Jilani (1078–1166) <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455</ref>

Sixth century (September 9, 1203)

• Salauddin Ayyubi (1137–1193)<ref name="ReferenceA">Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; Template:ISBN</ref>
• Ibn Qudamah (1147–1223)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (1148–1206)<ref>Sufi Movements in Eastern India – Page 194</ref><ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228</ref>
• Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)<ref name="muslimphilosophy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (1160-1226)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Seventh century (September 15, 1300)

• Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (1228–1302)<ref name="Muhsin J. al-Musawi">Template:Cite book Template:ISBN</ref>
• Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
• Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350)<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Eighth century (September 23, 1397)

• Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (1324–1403)<ref name="Muhsin J. al-Musawi"/>
• Tamerlane (Timur) (1336–1405)<ref>Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Template:ISBN</ref>
• Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)<ref name="islamic.pwp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ninth century (October 1, 1494)

• Shah Rukh (1377–1447)<ref name="Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim p. 172">Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Template:ISBN</ref>
• Mehmet II (1432–1481)<ref name="ReferenceA">Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; Template:ISBN</ref>
• Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420-1520)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)<ref name="livingislam"/><ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia">Template:Cite book</ref>

Tenth century (October 19, 1591)

• Selim I (1470–1520)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566)<ref>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series

By Royal Historical Society</ref>

• Shams al-Din al-Ramli (1513-1596)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678"/><ref name="The New Encyclopedia of Islam">Template:Cite book</ref>

Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)

• Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)<ref name="livingislam"/>
• Mahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618–1707)<ref name="academia.edu">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)<ref name="iqra">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)

• Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)<ref name="academia.edu"/>
• Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)<ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia"/>
• Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)<ref name="almukhtarbooks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Tipu Sultan (1750–1799)<ref>Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; Template:ISBN</ref>
• Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)<ref name="African And Islamic Revival">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831)<ref>Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.</ref>
• Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861)<ref name="Sehgal2001">Template:Cite book</ref>

Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)

• Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
• Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1925) <ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Amadou Bamba (1853–1927) <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)

• Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Said Nursî (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di (1889–1957)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)<ref name="Maududi">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed
• Murabit al-Hajj (1913 - 2018) <ref name="Sufism in West Africa">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Claimants in other traditions

• Mulla Sadra Shirazi (1571–1640)<ref>The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286</ref><ref>The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian</ref>
• Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898)<ref>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)</ref>
• Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)<ref>Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Further reading

• Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
• Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

• Islami Mehfil, Concept Of Revivalist (Mujaddid) In Islam
• Shah Waliyu Llah about the Mujaddids Template:In lang
• Al Hafiz Adh Dhahabi about the Mujaddids Template:In lang
• Brief Introduction to the Concept of Mujaddidiyyat in Islam Template:In lang