Mura language
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Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small phoneme inventory (around 11 compared to around 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone. In the 19th century, there were an estimated 30,000–60,000 Mura speakers. It is now spoken by only 300 Pirahã people in eight villages.
ClassificationEdit
Mura is often proposed to be related to Matanawí.Template:By whom Kaufman (1994) also suggests a connection with Huarpe in his Macro-Warpean proposal.
DialectsEdit
Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892), there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura, or even as Muran languages.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The names are:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Bohurá, or Buxwaray, the original form of the name 'Mura'; spoken on the Autaz River<ref name="Loukotka">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Pirahã, or Pirahá, Pirahán, the name the remaining dialect goes by
- Yahahí, also spelled Jahahi; spoken on the Branco River (unattested)<ref name="Loukotka"/>
On the basis of a minuscule amount of data, it would appear that Bohurá (Mura proper) was mutually intelligible with Pirahã; however, for Yahahí there exists only ethnographic information, and it can be assumed they spoke the same language as other Mura. Rodrigues describes the Yahahí as having come from the Branco river, a tributary of the right bank of the upper Marmelos river. The last Yahahí are said to have joined the Pirahã.<ref name=":0" />
The Mura/Bohurá endonym is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, according to Barboza Rodrigues (1892),<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ~ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, according to Tastevin (1923).<ref name=":0" /> This was pronounced Murá by their neighbors, the Torá and Matanawi. In his vocabulary, Rodrigues lists Bohura for the people and bhũrai-ada "Mura language" for the language, from the Mura of the Manicoré River; Tastevin has Bohurai and bohuarai-arasé for the same.<ref name=":0" /> They also record,<ref name=":0" />
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "That one is Mura"
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "We are all Mura"
VocabularyEdit
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mura language varieties.<ref name="Loukotka"/>
gloss Múra Bohurá Pirahã one huyiː two mukui head a-pái hana-pai a-paixi ear ku-pái hane-apue apu-pay tooth aro-pái haine-tué atu-pay hand upa hane-uí upai woman yúehẽ kairi yuéhe water pé ipé pé fire foai huai wái stone atí atí begé maize chihuha tihoʔahai chifuä tapir kabachí kabatí kauátei
Below is a comparison of Mura and Pirahã words from Salles (2023):<ref name="Amazonian isolates 2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
English gloss Mura Pirahã long peissí piiʔi short kutjúhi koihí big itokúi itohí male foreigner auí aooí female foreigner aurí aogí wild pig bahúis bahóisi louse tihyhí tihíihi flour arais ágaísi tobacco itíhi tíhi leaf itai tai fire uái hoái blood bê bií bone ái aí sleep aitáhus aitáhoi die kwoabís koabaipí drink pitaissa pitáipí stay abaái abí say aihyahá ahoái sun huisí hisó moon kaãnhê kaháíʔái cold arí agí feisty aupís aáopí far kái kaáo bad babihí baábi(hi)
NotesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
- Everett, D. L. (1992). A língua Pirahã e a teoria da sintaxe: descrição, perspectivas e teoria. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp.
- Hanke, W. (1950a). O idioma Mura. Arquivos: Coletânea de documentor para a História da Amazônia, 12:3-8.
- Hanke, W. (1950b). Vocabulário e idioma mura dos índios mura do rio Manicoré. Arquivos, 12:3-8.
- Heinrichs, A. (1961). Questionário: Mura-Pirahã Rio Marmelos. (Questionário dos Vocabulários Padrões para estudos comparativos preliminares de línguas indígenas brasileiras.) Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
- Heinrichs, A. (1963). Questionário: Mura-Pirahã Rios Marmelos e Maici. (Questionário dos Vocabulários Padrões para estudos comparativos preliminares de línguas indígenas brasileiras.) Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
- Template:Cite book
- Curt Nimuendajú (1948): "The Mura" and "The Yahahi", in Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 3: The Tropical Forest Tribes, ed. Julian H. Steward, pp. 255–269.
External linksEdit
- PROEL: Grupo Muran
Template:Languages of Brazil Template:Language families Template:South American languages Template:Authority control