Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

Template:Infobox museum The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) is a contemporary art museum with two locations in greater Los Angeles, California. The main branch is located on Grand Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, near the Walt Disney Concert Hall. MOCA's original space, initially intended as a temporary exhibit space while the main facility was built, is now known as the Geffen Contemporary and located in the Little Tokyo district of downtown Los Angeles. Between 2000 and 2019, it operated a satellite facility at the Pacific Design Center facility in West Hollywood.<ref name="Deborah Vankin 2019">Deborah Vankin (January 16, 2019), MOCA will close its satellite location at the Pacific Design Center Los Angeles Times.</ref>

The museum's exhibits consist primarily of American and European contemporary art created after 1940. Since the museum's inception, MOCA's programming has been defined by its multi-disciplinary approach to contemporary art.

Founding

In a 1979 political fundraising event at the Beverly Hills Hotel, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, Councilman Joel Wachs, and local philanthropist Marcia Simon Weisman happened to be seated at the same table. Throughout the evening, Weisman passionately discussed the city's need for a contemporary art museum. Weisman's brother, Norton Simon, had stepped in to bail out the financially ailing Pasadena Art Museum in 1975, but was unable to retain its focus on modern art. In the following weeks, the Mayor's Museum Advisory Committee was organized. The committee, led by William Albert Norris, set about creating a museum from scratch, including locating funds, trustees, directors, curators, a gallery, and most importantly an art collection. That same year, Weisman and five other key local collectors signed an agreement whereby they would pledge chunks of their private collections, worth up to $6 million, "to create a museum of standing and repute."<ref name="A call for cultural passion">Barbara Isenberg (December 15, 2008), A call for cultural passion Los Angeles Times.</ref>

The following year, the fledgling Museum of Contemporary Art was operating out of an office on Boyd Street. The city's most prominent philanthropists and collectors had been assembled into a board of trustees in 1980, and set a goal of raising $10 million in their first year; an artists advisory council was involved early on.<ref name="A call for cultural passion"/> A working staff was brought together; Richard Koshalek was appointed chief curator; relationships were made with artists and galleries; and negotiations were begun to secure artwork and an exhibition space. Following Weisman's initiative, $1-million contributions from Eli Broad, Max Palevsky, and Atlantic Richfield Co. helped securing the construction of the new museum;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Broad became MOCA's founding chairman; Palevsky chaired the architectural search committee.<ref>Ed Leibowitz (June 1, 2003), Committee of One Los Angeles Magazine.</ref> Many of MOCA's initial donors were young and supporting the arts for the first time; a substantial number joined up at the $10,000 "founder" minimum.<ref name="A call for cultural passion"/>

Collection

Making up well over 90% of the museum's works,<ref>Patt Morrison (November 21, 2009), MOCA man Los Angeles Times.</ref> gifts from several major private collectors form the cornerstones of MOCA's permanent collection of nearly 6,000 works. Much of it has come from board members who donated or bequeathed key works or entire collections, or sold art to the museum at highly favorable terms.<ref name="ReferenceA">Mike Boehm (September 28, 2012), [www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-moca-trustee-peter-brant-using-his-art-to-get-business-loans-20120928,0,649316.story MOCA trustee Peter Brant using his art to get business loans] Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Within months of its fall 1983 opening, MOCA was able to turn itself into an instant player in the international art world by striking a deal with one of its board members, Giuseppe Panza, who agreed to sell a group of works for $11 million and stagger the payments over five years, interest-free.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The 1984 purchase of parts of the Panza Collection encompasses 80 seminal works of abstract expressionism and pop art by Jean Fautrier, Franz Kline, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Mark Rothko, and Antoni Tàpies. In 1985, the museum accepted Michael Heizer's earthwork Double Negative in Nevada desert, donated by Virginia Dwan.<ref>William Wilson (December 10, 1985), New Moca Acquisition Is A Hole In The Ground Los Angeles Times.</ref> A 1986 bequest by television executive Barry Lowen included 67 works of minimalist, post-minimalist and neo-expressionist painting, sculpture, photography and drawing by artists such as Dan Flavin, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Elizabeth Murray, Julian Schnabel, Joel Shapiro, Frank Stella, and Cy Twombly. In 1989, pieces by the Rita and Taft Schreiber collection were donated to the museum, encompassing 18 paintings, sculptures, and drawings by Jackson Pollock, Piet Mondrian, and Arshile Gorky, among others.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hollywood agent Phil Gersh and his wife Beatrice, both founding members, gave 13 important pieces from their collection to the museum the same year, including Pollock's early drip painting Number 3, 1948 and David Smith's 8-foot-tall stainless steel sculpture Cubi III (1961)—as well as works by artists such as Ed Ruscha, Cindy Sherman, and Susan Rothenberg.<ref>Dennis McLellan (October 11, 2011), Beatrice Gersh dies at 87; L.A. arts patron Los Angeles Times.</ref> Finally, the museum's co-founder Marcia Simon Weisman bequeathed 83 works on paper from artists including Willem de Kooning, Barnett Newman, Jasper Johns and California-based painters Richard Diebenkorn and Sam Francis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1991, Hollywood screenwriter Scott Spiegel donated works by Jean-Michel Basquiat, Mark Innerst, Robert Longo, Susan Rothenberg, David Salle, among others. In 2003, the museum received the promise of a gift of 33 pieces from advertising executive Clifford Einstein, chair of MOCA's board of trustees, and his wife, Madeline; the proposed donation included works by Kiki Smith, Nam June Paik, Mark Grotjahn, Sigmar Polke, Mike Kelley, and Lari Pittman.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (June 1, 2007), 33 pieces gifted to MOCA Los Angeles Times.</ref> In 2004 the museum received the largest group of artworks donated by a private collector in its 25-year history when E. Blake Byrne, a MOCA trustee and retired television executive, gave 123 paintings, sculptures, drawings, videos and photographs by 78 artists.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (December 17, 2004), Trustee's Donation a Milestone for MOCA Los Angeles Times.</ref> Over the years, major donations of art collections have come from the Lannan Foundation and through funding from the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation.<ref>Mike Boehm (November 8, 2009), MOCA celebrates 30 years and a rebirth Los Angeles Times.</ref>

In 2000, MOCA received gifts from artists themselves, including major pieces by sculptor and performance artist Paul McCarthy, video artist Doug Aitken and photographer Andreas Gursky.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (March 12, 2000), Portrait of a Smooth Transition Los Angeles Times.</ref> Los Angeles-based artist Ed Moses made a major gift of his work to the museum in 1995, surveying nearly 40 years of his artistic development.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (December 28, 1995), Ed Moses Wraps Up Year With Gift of Major Artworks for MOCA Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Included within today's permanent collection are works by further influential artists such as Greg Colson, Kim Dingle, Sam Durant, David Hockney, Kenneth Price, John McLaughlin, Robert Motherwell, Raymond Pettibon, James Hayward, and George Segal. As the Los Angeles Times declared, "There isn't a city in America—not New York, not Chicago, not Houston, not San Francisco—where a more impressive museum collection of contemporary art can be seen."

Exhibitions

Ever since it opened with an extensive exhibition called The First Show: Painting and Sculpture From Eight Collections, 1940–80,<ref name="A New Museum Has An Instant Impact"/> MOCA has been known for thematic-survey exhibitions about postwar art such as A Forest of Signs: Art in the Crisis of Representation (1989), A Minimal Future? Art as Object, 1958–1968 (1994), Reconsidering the Object of Art: 1965–1975 (1995), Hall of Mirrors: Art and Film since 1945 (1996), Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949–1979 (1998), WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution (2007), Art in the Streets (2011), Under the Big Black Sun: California Art 1974–1981 (2011), and Ends of the Earth: Land Art to 1974 (2012). The museum also organized the first major museum retrospectives of the work of Allen Ruppersberg (1985), John Baldessari (1990), Ad Reinhardt (1991), Jeff Wall (1997), Barbara Kruger (1999), and Takashi Murakami (2007). In addition there were also monographic shows like an ambitious installation by Robert Gober in 1997, or a revelatory survey of Sigmar Polke's photographic work in 1995. Since many of those shows traveled to New York and other cities in the U.S., like the show of Robert Rauschenberg combines that opened in Los Angeles in 2006, MOCA became known as "one of the greatest feeder museums in the country".<ref>Roberta Smith (December 7, 2008), Here's How to Rescue a Museum at the Brink New York Times. Accessed 1 February 2011.</ref> In 2010, the museum canceled a planned retrospective of influential yet under-recognized artist Jack Goldstein to commission artist and director Julian Schnabel to curate a survey of works by actor, writer and artist Dennis Hopper,<ref>Christopher Knight (July 11, 2010), Art review: 'Dennis Hopper Double Standard' @ MOCA's Geffen Contemporary Los Angeles Times.</ref> and in 2012, actor James Franco curated a tribute exhibition to James Dean, two projects that have been widely criticized for their emphasis on pop and celebrity culture. Of all solo shows on view over the period between January 2008 and December 2012, only about 28% were devoted to female artists.<ref>Christopher Knight (July 11, 2013), LACMA, MOCA fall behind in giving female artists a solo platform Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Besides artists' retrospectives and art historical investigations, under chief curator Paul Schimmel, MOCA has mounted various multiartist theme shows on provocative or challenging topics. Helter Skelter: L.A. Art in the 1990s, a 1992 exhibition focused on the dark side of contemporary life<ref name="Mind-bending visions">Suzanne Muchnic (October 2, 2005), Mind-bending visions Los Angeles Times.</ref> as portrayed by artists like Mike Kelley, Paul McCarthy and Chris Burden,<ref name="Mike Boehm 2012">Jori Finkel and Mike Boehm (June 28, 2012), L.A.'s Museum of Contemporary Art fires chief curator Los Angeles Times.</ref> involving themes such as alienation, dispossession, and violence. Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949–1979, a landmark historical survey presented in 1998, tracked the work of about 150 artists and collectives for whom public performances, in its links to painting, sculpture, dance and theater,<ref name="Mike Boehm 2012"/> and the creative process were far more important than well-crafted objects. Public Offerings, in 2001, explored the phenomenon of youthful creative energy in an overheated art world where stars are created before they leave art school. In ECSTASY: In and About Altered States (2005), some of the artists' works represented altered states of mind that they have experienced under the influence of drugs or hypnosis.<ref name="Mind-bending visions"/> WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution, held in 2007, was the first major retrospective of art and the feminist revolution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> MOCA hosts the LA Freewaves biennial festival, which exhibits a wide range of new media.<ref name="LAT03">Template:Cite news</ref>

Locations

MOCA Grand Avenue

File:MOCA LA 04.jpg

MOCA Grand Avenue

The MOCA Downtown Los Angeles location is home to almost 5,000 artworks created since 1940, including masterpieces by classic contemporary artists, and inspiring new works by emerging and mid-career artists from Southern California and around the world. The MOCA is the only museum in Los Angeles devoted exclusively to contemporary art.

In 1986, the celebrated Japanese architect Arata Isozaki,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who had never worked on a project in the United States before,<ref>Barbara Isenberg (December 22, 1985), Arata Isozaki: Architecture's Global Citizen Los Angeles Times.</ref> completed the downtown location's sandstone building to international critical and public acclaim, marking a dramatic achievement in the contemporary art world and heralding a new cultural era in Los Angeles. Its chief exhibition spaces are under the courtyard level, lit from above by groups of pyramidal skylights.<ref name="Getting On the Map">Robert Hughes (June 24, 2001), Getting On the Map Time Magazine.</ref>

The construction and $23 million cost of the MOCA Grand Avenue building was part of a city-brokered deal with the developer of the $1 billion California Plaza redevelopment project on Bunker Hill, Bunker Hill Associates, who received the use of an Template:Convert, publicly owned parcel of land.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="latimesDec2008">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nytimes1985">Template:Cite news</ref> On the grounds that the law said that 1.5% of the construction costs of new buildings had to be spent on fine-arts embellishments,<ref name="Getting On the Map"/> MOCA's board of trustees had struck a deal with the Community Redevelopment Agency to have the project developer build a 100,000-square-foot museum, designed by an architect of the trustees' choice, at no cost to the museum.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (March 24, 1998), MOCA Director to Resign; Helped Transform Museum Los Angeles Times.</ref> In return for the free building, the agency required the trustees to raise $10 million for an operations endowment. Original plans had been for the building to open in time for the 1984 Summer Olympics. However, the project broke ground in 1983 and completed the museum, Omni Hotel and the first of two skyscrapers (One California Plaza) by 1986. The second skyscraper (Two California Plaza) was completed in 1992.<ref name="nytimesJan1987">Template:Cite news</ref> Nancy Rubins' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> monumental stainless-steel sculpture "Mark Thompson's Airplane Parts" (2001), purchased by MOCA in honor of founding member Beatrice Gersh in 2002, was installed at the museum's plaza.

The Grand Avenue location is used to display pieces from MOCA's substantial permanent collection, especially artists who did much of their work between 1940 and 1980. There is also an extensive set of rooms used to display temporary exhibits, usually a major retrospective of an important artist, or works connected by a theme.

File:MOCA downtown buildings and Mark Thompson's Airplane Parts.JPG

MOCA downtown buildings and Nancy Rubin's Airplane Parts sculpture

The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA

While the Grand Avenue facility was being planned and under construction, MOCA opened an interim exhibition space called the "Temporary Contemporary" in the fall of 1983. The new space was located at the edge of a warehouse district in which many Los Angeles artists worked at the time.<ref name="A New Museum Has An Instant Impact">Joseph Giovannini (November 27, 1983), A New Museum Has An Instant Impact New York Times.</ref> On November 17, 1983, the museum inaugurated the building with a Shinto purification ceremony, a ritual often held at groundbreakings in Little Tokyo, as a symbol of mutual recognition between the Japanese community and the museum.<ref name="A New Museum Has An Instant Impact"/> The first public program was a commissioned collaboration, "Available Light" by Lucinda Childs, Frank O. Gehry, and John Adams followed in November 1983 by the inaugural exhibition, "The First Show: Painting and Sculpture from 1940–1980" curated by Julia Brown. The building had been originally constructed in the 1940s as a hardware store for local patrons and subsequently used as a city warehouse and police car garage, the "TC", as it became informally known, is leased from the city for five years for $1 a year.<ref name="latimesDec2008"/>

Southern California architect Frank Gehry led the renovation of the Albert C. Martin, Sr.-designed 1947 Union Hardware buildings. Gehry left the exteriors intact, except for new entrance doors, and built a canopy of chain-link fencing and steel trusses over the closed-off street, to form a partially shaded plaza. There are two large, open gallery spaces, illuminated by industrial wire-glass skylights and a row of clerestory windows along the south wall. The intricate structural network of steel beams and supports has been left exposed, serving as support for the many movable display walls and lending a sculptural effect. A steel crane rail, left over from the building's hardware days, remained in place. The loading docks now serve as the lobby.<ref name="nytimesJan1987"/>

The Temporary Contemporary immediately captivated critics and museum patrons alike with its accessibility, informality and lack of pretension. Writing in The New York Times, John Russell referred to it as "a prince among spaces", and William Wilson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it "instantly had the hospitable aura of a people's museum." The New York Times later wrote that "[m]ore than any event in recent decades, the Temporary (now known as the Geffen Contemporary) changed the cultural face of Los Angeles".<ref>Herbert Muschamp (November 26, 2000), When Getting to It Is Part of a Museum's Aesthetic New York Times.</ref>

Due to the popularity of the Temporary Contemporary and extraordinary suitability of the building for exhibiting contemporary art, the museum's board requested that the City of Los Angeles extend MOCA's lease on the facility for 50 years, until 2038. That request was granted in early 1986, and in 1996 the city extended the lease even further. Also in 1996, MOCA received a $5-million gift from The David Geffen Foundation in support of the museum's endowment drive, and in recognition of this extraordinary gift, the Temporary Contemporary was renamed The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA.

In 2019, MOCA received another $5-million gift from Wonmi and Kihong Kwon to transform the Geffen Contemporary with a cross-disciplinary series that will emphasize varied forms of performance but will also include experiential installations, concerts, screenings, readings, conventions and other events. It also will host artist residencies and rehearsals.<ref name="ReferenceC">Deborah Vankin (October 24, 2019), MOCA gets a $5-million gift to transform the Geffen Contemporary for more performance Los Angeles Times.</ref>

The 55,000-square-foot facility gives enormous latitude to artists and encourages experimentation.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (August 31, 1997), Stop, Look and Look Again Los Angeles Times.</ref> It is the largest of the MOCA locations and is ideally suited to large-scale sculptural works and conceptual, multi-media or electronic installations. It is typically used to display more recent works, often by lesser-known artists, and works which require a large amount of space. Some of these works are designed specifically for the Geffen Contemporary's space. In 2018, MOCA unveiled a Barbara Kruger mural, Untitled (Questions), on the Geffen exterior facing Temple Street and sponsored by Wonmi and Kihong Kwon.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

In 2021, MOCA received one of the inaugural grants from the Frankenthaler Climate Initiative to support its solar energy project at the Geffen Contemporary.<ref>Annabel Keenan (July 29, 2021), Moca Los Angeles follows success in halting solar farm near Heizer Earthwork with announcement of Frankenthaler grant to support solar energy project The Art Newspaper.</ref>

MOCA at The Pacific Design Center

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MOCA at the Pacific Design Center

From 2000 until 2019, MOCA maintained a Template:Convert exhibition space at the Pacific Design Center in West Hollywood to present new work by emerging and established artists as well as ancillary programs based upon its major exhibitions and renowned permanent collection. A focus was on design and architecture. The museum exhibited work by Takashi Murakami, Sterling Ruby, Catherine Opie and William Kentridge there, as well as by designers Rick Owens and Rodarte.<ref name="Deborah Vankin 2019"/> MOCA also utilized the 384-seat PDC auditorium for a range of public programs.

Programs

Sunday Studio

On the first Sunday of each month from 1pm to 3:30pm, Sunday Studio workshops typically begin with an interactive, discussion-based "spotlight" tour, highlighting selected works from a current exhibition. Next, participants work collaboratively to create art in response to the work they've seen.

Designed and taught by artists, these process-oriented workshops extend the gallery experience and frequently include special activities such as musical performance, movement, and other multidisciplinary approaches to works on view. The program is offered in English and Spanish.

Big Family Day is an annual spring culminating event for all of MOCA's school and community partnership programs. Featuring student docents, entertainment, music, artmaking and a student art exhibition, this event usually attracts over 1,000 participants, including MOCA members, their families, and the community at large.

Sunday Studio events are held at Grand Avenue unless otherwise stated in the bimonthly calendar or on the website.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Teens of Contemporary Art (TOCA)

Teens of Contemporary Art is an open gathering of high school students interested in learning more about contemporary art with their peers. The group meets each month for exhibition explorations, art workshops, discussions about contemporary art, and events planning. An advisory council of teens identifies the topics and issues addressed at the monthly sessions. All TOCA participants get free admission to the museum.

TOCA events are the second Sunday of every month.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MOCA Apprenticeship Program (MAP)

Each year, the MOCA Apprenticeship Program (MAP) creates a supportive artistic community for a small, diverse group of high school students.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Engagement Party

Engagement Party (2008–2012)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> was a free public program that presented new work by emerging Southern California–based artists working collectively and collaboratively. The program offered artist collectives three-month residencies during which they presented public programs at MOCA Grand Avenue and the Geffen Contemporary at MOCA on the first Thursday of each month from 7 to 10pm. Collectives employed many different mediums, disciplines, and strategies during their residency, resulting in programs that included performances, workshops, screenings, lectures, and many other activities emerging from the group's particular focus.

Participating Artists: Finishing School, Knifeandfork (Brian House and Sue Huang), OJO, Slanguage, My Barbarian, Lucky Dragons, Ryan Heffington + the East Siders, and The League of Imaginary Scientists, Neighborhood Public Radio, The Los Angeles Urban Rangers, Liz Glynn, and CamLab.

Awards

Women in the Arts

The Women in the Arts event, established in 1994 by the MOCA fundraising arm the MOCA Projects Council, is a benefit for MOCA's educational programs and generally draws more than 600 people from the fields of art, fashion, philanthropy, film and other areas of entertainment. The Award to Distinguished Women in the Arts recognizes women providing leadership and innovation in visual arts, dance, music and literature.<ref>Deborah Vankin (September 19, 2013), Sharon Stone will host MOCA's Distinguished Women in the Arts event Los Angeles Times.</ref> Artist Jenny Holzer is one of the main females that has shown her work through textile and expressing her believes in the feminist art movement. Holzer art has changed over the years from making street posters, painted signs, paintings, photographs, to creating T-shirts for Willi Smith, and establishing a trend of LED signs. Holzers has been involved in many events and foundations such as, Dia Art Foundation,  Time's Up movement, Social Strategies , Institute of Contemporary Arts, and many more. Holzer designed the bronze plaque, which features one of the artist's truisms: “It is in your self-interest to find a way to be very tender.”<ref>MOCA Award to Distinguished Women in the Arts Honors Artist Jenny Holzer Template:Webarchive Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, March 9, 2010.</ref> Past recipients include collector Beatrice Gersh (1994), editor Tina Brown (1997), choreographer Twyla Tharp (1999), actress and director Anjelica Huston (2001), and artists Barbara Kruger (2001), Yoko Ono (2003), Jenny Holzer (2010), Annie Leibovitz (2012)<ref>The 8th MOCA Award to Distinguished Women in the Arts Luncheon Template:Webarchive Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, September 3, 2013.</ref> and Marylin Minter (2015).<ref>Ellen Olivier (October 29, 2015), ‘Ferocious’ women gather in Los Angeles for MOCA awards Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Eric and Wendy Schmidt Environment and Art Prize

First established in 2024, the Eric and Wendy Schmidt Environment and Art Prize – including $100,000 to be given directly to the artists, with materials and other supporting costs paid separately – will be awarded every two years until 2028, resulting in four prizes—the inaugural year having two recipients—with exhibitions into 2030.<ref name="theartnewspaper.com">Scarlet Cheng (31 October 2024), Moca Los Angeles announces recipients of new environmental art prize The Art Newspaper.</ref> The recipients of the inaugural award were Julian Charrière and Cecilia Vicuña.<ref name="theartnewspaper.com"/>

Management

Director

In November 2021, Johanna Burton joined MOCA as the executive director, with Klaus Biesenbach shifting to the role of artistic director.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Burton is formerly the director of the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Prior to Johanna's arrival, Klaus Bisenbach departed MOCA to serve as director of the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, Germany.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2018, MoMA PS1 curator Klaus Biesenbach, was named as the new director of MOCA, following the abrupt resignation of Philippe Vergne.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">Template:Cite news</ref> Vergne, formerly the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York, began his tenure as MOCA's director in January 2014,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and ended it amid a series of controversies, including the firing of chief curator Helen Molesworth.<ref name="Los Angeles Times" />

Before Vergne, Maria Seferian served as interim director from September 2013 to March 2014, while the institution underwent the search for its next director. She has been counsel to the museum since 2008.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York art dealer and curator Jeffrey Deitch served as director of MOCA from June 1, 2010, through September 1, 2013. On July 24, 2013, he told the board of his decision to leave.<ref name=" Mike Boehm">Template:Cite news</ref> Deitch experienced a measure of controversy for his clash with Paul Schimmel, the museum's then-chief curator. The board's firing of Schimmel on June 28, 2012, was met with criticism from the community.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Between 1999 and 2008, Jeremy Strick led the institution. Before that, Richard Koshalek served as director, deputy director and chief curator from 1980 to 1999.<ref>Richard Koshalek Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.</ref> Pontus Hultén was founding director between 1980 and 1982.

Board of trustees

As of August 2016, MOCA's board is headed by Guess jeans co-founder Maurice Marciano and Lilly Tartikoff Karatz. Vice chairs are Eugenio Lopez, Lillian P. Lovelace and Maria Seferian; chair emeriti are Clifford J. Einstein and David G. Johnson; president emeriti are Dallas Price-Van Breda and Jeffrey Soros. Board members are Wallis Annenberg, Gabriel Brener, Steven A. Cohen, Charles L. Conlan II, Kathi B. Cypres, Laurent Degryse, Ariel Emanuel, Susan Gersh, Aileen Getty, Nancy Jane F. Goldston, Laurence Graff, Bruce Karatz, Wonmi Kwon, Daniel S. Loeb, Mary Klaus Martin, Jamie McCourt, Edward J. Minskoff, Steven T. Mnuchin, Peter Morton, Heather Podesta, Carolyn Clark Powers, Steven F. Roth, Carla Sands, Chara Schreyer, Adam Sender, Sutton Stracke, Cathy Vedovi, Christopher Walker, Orna Amir Wolens.<ref name="MOCA Board">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Artists sitting on MOCA's board include John Baldessari, Barbara Kruger, Catherine Opie, Mark Grotjahn, Mark Bradford and Lari Pittman.<ref name="Lari Pitman">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ari Emanuel">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Peter Morton">Template:Cite news</ref> Life trustees include MOCA's founding chairman Eli Broad as well as Betye Monell Burton, Blake Byrne, Lenore S. Greenberg, Audrey Irmas, Frederick M. Nicholas and Thomas E. Unterman. The current Los Angeles mayor (Eric Garcetti) and LA City Council president (Herb J. Wesson Jr.), chief financial officer (Michael Harrison) and museum director (Philippe Vergne) are ex-officio members.<ref name="MOCA Board"/>

The current mayor and president of the city council have votes; their presence on the board is a condition for MOCA's long-term $1 a year lease on the Geffen Contemporary building.<ref>Mike Boehm and David Ng (April 10, 2013), Three new names on MOCA board Los Angeles Times.</ref> In accordance with a policy enacted in 1993, trustees serve three-year, renewable terms and rotate off after six years; they are generally invited to return after one year.<ref>Suzanne Muchnic (April 27, 1997), Douglas Cramer Strikes His Santa Ynez Set Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Despite this addition of wealthy art collectors to the board, contributions and grants to the museum have fallen recently, and Broad missed two quarters of payments of the money he promised MOCA.<ref name="bloomberg.com">Katya Kazakina and Christopher Palmeri (August 9, 2012), Eli Broad Misses MOCA Payment in Museum's Murky Finances Bloomberg.</ref> All of the artist members of the board—John Baldessari, Barbara Kruger, Catherine Opie and Ed Ruscha—resigned later that year, in response to developments at the museum under the leadership of Jeffrey Deitch, including the termination of senior curator Paul Schimmel.<ref name="MOCA board exits pile up">Mike Boehm (July 13, 2012), MOCA board exits pile up Los Angeles Times.</ref><ref>Randy Kennedy (July 13, 2012), Museum's New Identity Causes More Fallout New York Times.</ref>

In 2014, Baldessari, Kruger and Opie resumed their positions on the MOCA board. Also, fellow artists Mark Grotjahn<ref>Kelly Scott (March 18, 2014), Artists Baldessari, Kruger, Opie return to MOCA board Los Angeles Times.</ref> and Mark Bradford were elected to MOCA's board over the course of 2014;<ref>Jessica Gelt (October 22, 2014), Museum of Contemporary Art elects 4 new members to board of trustees Los Angeles Times.</ref><ref name="Artists return">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mike Bradford">Template:Cite news</ref> Lari Pittman was added in August 2016.<ref name="Lari Pitman"/>

Funding

Unlike the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which is partly controlled by the county, MOCA receives minimal government funding and does not have a steady source of funds.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> Its annual budget has grown to exceed $20 million, but it relies on donors to pay about 80% of its expenses.<ref>Mike Boehm (November 19, 2008), Moca In Deep Financial TroubleTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore Los Angeles Times.</ref> MOCA's budget for the fiscal year 2011 was $14.3 million,<ref>Roberta Smith (July 22, 2012), A Los Angeles Museum on Life-Support New York Times.</ref> the museum's lowest spending since the 1990s.<ref name="ReferenceB">Mike Boehm (December 4, 2012), USC and MOCA are in talks about 'a possible partnership' Los Angeles Times.</ref> In 2011, the museum reported net assets (basically, a total of all the resources it has on its books, except the value of the art) of $38 million.

In December 2008, during the world financial meltdown, newspapers reported that the museum's endowment, which partly depended on stock investments, had dropped and that museum had fiscal problems <ref name ="Wyatt Finkel">Template:Cite news</ref> Partly in violation of state law,<ref name="articles.latimes.com">Mike Boehm (April 16, 2010), MOCA ordered to revamp its budget practices Los Angeles Times.</ref> the museum lost $44 million of their $50 million endowment over nine years,<ref name="Wyatt Finkel"/> Deficits mounted at the rate of $2.8 million a year on average from mid-2000 to mid-2008.<ref name="latimes.com">Mike Boehm (March 2, 2012), MOCA loses three officials in key finance roles Los Angeles Times.</ref> Amid speculation that the museum may close its doors, deaccession artworks, and/or merge with another institution, a grassroots, artist-led organization called MOCA Mobilization petitioned for MOCA to remain independent and keep its collection intact.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Attorney General's office, to whom Eli Broad had been a campaign contributor,<ref name=Bruck>Template:Cite news</ref> investigated MOCA. Ultimately, although the investigation was closed with no disciplinary action (Board members were asked to take a voluntary training in their fiduciary duties),<ref name="articles.latimes.com"/> just the report of the investigation in the Los Angeles Times had an enormous impact – donors fled and the trustees, in the maelstrom, accepted Broad's terms for control of the institution in exchange for his promise to donate money.<ref name="Bruck"/> Broad, MOCA's founding chairman from 1979 to 1984 and life trustee of the museum, offered $30 million in a staggered donation, $15 million as matching donations. An agreement with Broad was tentatively reached on December 18, but another possibility—a merger with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art—had not been ruled out.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On December 23, the museum announced that it had accepted Broad's offer and would be making a number of significant changes to its leadership. Director Jeremy Strick resigned, and a new position of chief executive officer was created for Charles E. Young, former chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Broad required compliance with strict financial terms, but did not demand Strick's resignation or Young's appointment as a condition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hired for a limited term, Young oversaw layoffs and cutbacks in the exhibition schedule that reduced MOCA's budget from more than $24 million to less than the $16 million in 2011.<ref name="latimes.com"/> In a departure from past practice, when MOCA would schedule shows before funding had been secured, it has adopted a policy of committing to exhibitions only after at least 80% of its projected budget has been lined up.<ref>Mike Boehm (July 7, 2012), MOCA: Eli Broad discusses ousting of Paul Schimmel Los Angeles Times.</ref>

The departure of respected curator Paul Schimmel on June 28, 2012, led to an exodus of trustees, committee members and a bombardment of criticism in the community.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> And because Broad himself has defaulted on his promised payments to MOCA that expire in 2013<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> the viability of the institution has come into question under Broad's leadership. As of late 2012, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the private University of Southern California are in talks about a possible partnership.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

In a first for MOCA, a two-day Sotheby's auction of donated works by artists in May 2015 raised $22.5 million for the museum endowment; the sale included works by Mark Grotjahn, Takashi Murakami and Ed Ruscha.<ref>David Ng and Deborah Vankin (May 13, 2015), Works donated by artists raise $22.5 million for Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles Los Angeles Times.</ref>

Attendance

MOCA exhibitions draw roughly 60% of their visitors from the L.A. area; their attendance totaled 236,104 in 2010, up by 89,000 over the previous year.<ref>Jori Finkel (March 30, 2011), Attendance at L.A. museums lags behind Los Angeles Times.</ref>

See also

• Effects of the financial crisis of 2007–2009 on museums
• Joel Wachs, Los Angeles City Council member honored with Joel Wachs Square near the museum

External links

• Template:Official website
• MOCA Geffen Official Website
• Image of worker polishing the main entrance sign to MOCA, Los Angeles, 1986. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.