Mustafa III
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Mustafa III (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx Muṣṭafā-yi sālis; 28 January 1717 – 21 January 1774) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30), and his consort Mihrişah Kadın. He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774–89).
Early lifeEdit
Mustafa was born at the Edirne Palace on 28 January 1717.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His father was Sultan Ahmed III, and his mother was Mihrişah Kadın.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He had a full brother named Şehzade Süleyman. In 1720, a large fifteen day circumcision ceremony took place for Mustafa, and his brothers, princes Süleyman, Mehmed, and Bayezid.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1730, after the Patrona Halil revolt led to the deposition of his father Sultan Ahmed III<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the succession of his cousin Sultan Mahmud I, Mustafa, his father, and brothers were imprisoned in the Topkapı Palace. In 1756, after the death of his elder half-brother Mehmed, he became heir to the throne.
ReignEdit
AccessionEdit
Mustafa ascended the throne on 30 October 1757, after the death of his cousin Osman III, the son of Sultan Mustafa II,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> marking the first time in Ottoman history that the throne passed down from cousin to cousin.<ref>Template:Refbegin
- Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Studies in Middle Eastern History), Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 3rd edition (September 6, 2001); Paperback: 568 pages; Template:ISBN; Template:ISBN
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Character of Mustafa's ruleEdit
Soon after his accession to the throne, Mustafa demonstrated a special care for justice. He took a number of measures to increase prosperity in Istanbul. He regulated coinage, built large grain stores, maintained aqueducts, and established a strict fiscal policy.Template:Sfn He traveled frequently and checked whether the laws he had enforced were followed.Template:Sfn
Treaty with PrussiaEdit
Mustafa much admired Frederick the Great's generalship, and in 1761 established a peace treaty with Prussia. Frederick wanted an alliance against the Habsburgs, and Mustafa wanted to modernize his state and army. Mustafa preferred recruiting his officers in Berlin, rather than in Paris and London, to re-organize his army. In 1763, the two countries exchanged their diplomats for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)Edit
Koca Ragıp Pasha, who remained grand vizier until 1763, pursued a peace policy towards neighboring countries. But the increasing influence of Russia over the Caucasus and its intention to control Poland created tension between the Ottomans and Russia. Ragıp Pasha's successor Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha also preferred to remain at peace, and Mustafa's insistence on war ("I will find some means of humbling those infidels"<ref>Lord Kinross Ottoman centuries</ref>) with Russia led to his resignation in 1768. The Sultan expected to gain an easy victory over the Russians, but in fact the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer François Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Kagula.jpg
Russian forces charge against the Ottomans in the Battle of Kagul, southern Bessarabia, 1770.
- Hackert, Die Zerstörung der türkischen Flotte in der Schlacht von Tschesme, 1771.jpg
The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Chesma, 1770.
ArchitectureEdit
Many monumental buildings including the Fatih Mosque, which was built by Mehmed the Conqueror, were rebuilt from the ground during his reign. In addition, he had built Laleli Mosque complex, and the shore along the Yenikapı filled to set up a new neighborhood. Apart from these, he undertook other construction projects after the earthquakes of 1766,Template:Sfn and 1767.Template:Sfn
Personal lifeEdit
PoetryEdit
He was a poet, his poetry being written under the pseudonym of Cihangir.<ref>Lord Kinross, Ottoman Centuries, (Perennial, 2002), 406.</ref>
"Yıkılupdur bu cihan sanma ki bizde düzele
Devleti çarh-ı deni verdi kamu müptezele
Şimdi erbab-ı saadette gezen hep hazele
İşimiz kaldı hemen merhamet-i lem yezele."<ref>Yıkılupdur bu cihan sanma ki biz de düzele</ref>
(Translation)
"This world has ruined, don't even think with us it recovers,
It was the lousy fate that has delivered the power to vulgars,
Now the perfidious ones have populated the Imperial Palace,
It's now the mercy of the everlasting God that runs our business.
FamilyEdit
ConsortsEdit
Mustafa III had seven known consorts:<ref> Beydilli, Kemal (2020). Kitab-ı Hedaya, Studien zum Osmanischen Reichundseinen Nachbargebieten, III. Mustafa (1757–1774): Kaynarca Öncesi Bir Padişah Portresi. Press of the University of Bonn. p. 233 n. 211. </ref><ref> Ulçay 2011, p. 149-151. </ref><ref> Kal'a, Ahmet (1998). Istanbul külliyâtı: Istanbul tarım tarihi, 1 (1743–1757), 2 (1757–1763). Istanbul Araştırmaları Merkezi. p. 218. </ref><ref> Haskan, Mehmed Nermi (2008). Eyüp Sultan Tarihi - Volume 2. Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayinları. p. 583. ISBN 978-9-756-08704-6. </ref><ref> Sak, Osman; Çalışkan, İrfan (2002). Beşinci Eyüpsultan Sempozyumu. Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. p. 124. ISBN 978-9-759-38441-8. </ref>
- Aynülhayat Kadın (Template:Circa - 1 August 1764). Probably BaşKadin (first consort),<ref> Esad Efendi believed she was the third consort. It is possible that she was demoted in favor of Mihrişah Kadin when she had a son. </ref> is sometimes considered Mustafa's legal wife. She was the mother of at least one daughter<ref> She was the mother of Mihrimah Sultan, and according to Oztüna also of Hibetullah Sultan, Mihrişah Sultan and Hatice Sultan (the one who died as a newborn). However, the plaque on her grave only identifies her as Mihrimah's mother, and it has been discredited that she was Hibetullah's mother, while her other two daughters remain uncertain </ref> and had a sister, Emine Hanim, in the harem like her. She built the Katırcıham Mescid Mosque on 1760. She was buried in Laleli.
- Mihrişah Kadin (Template:Circa - 16 October 1805). She was of Genoese or Georgian origins, she was the mother of Selim III and two daughters. She was BaşKadin or became BaşKadin on the death of Aynülhayat Kadın.
- Fehime Kadın<ref> O Fehime Hanim </ref> (? - 1761). Mother of Reyhan Sultan, she died in childbirth.
- Rifat Kadın (Template:Circa - December 1803). Free-born woman, Mustafa met her while touring Istanbul undercover. She was then entrusted to the Grand Vizier's wife to educate her before entering the harem. Mother of Şah Sultan. After Mustafa's death, she returned to her family. She was buried in the Haydarpaşa cemetery.
- Ayşe Adilşah Kadin (Template:Circa - 19 December 1803). Of Circassian origin, she was the mother of two daughters. She was buried in the garden of the mausoleum of Mustafa III.
- Binnaz Kadın (Template:Circa - 1823), also known as Beynaz Kadın. Childless, after Mustafa's death she became a consort of his successor, Abdulhamid I. She had no children even with Abdulhamid and, after his death, she was freed and married to Çayırzade İbrahim Ağa. She was buried in the Hamidiye mausoleum.
- Gülman Hanim. BaşIkbal. Also called Gülnar Hanim.
SonsEdit
Mustafa III had at least two sons:<ref name="auto"> Şemʼdânî-zâde Fındıklılı, Süleyman Efendi (1976). Aktepe, M.Münir (ed.). Şemʼdânî-zâde Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi târihi Mürʼiʼt-tevârih-Volume II A. Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası. pp. 32, 50, 65, 95. </ref><ref> Şemʼdânî-zâde Fındıklılı, Süleyman Efendi (1976). Aktepe, M.Münir (ed.). Şemʼdânî-zâde Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi târihi Mürʼiʼt-tevârih-Volume II B. Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası. pp. 24, 89, 90. </ref>
- Selim III (24 December 1761 - 28 July 1808) - with Mihrişah Kadin. 28th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- Şehzade Mehmed (10 January 1767 - 12 October 1772). His tutor was Küçük Hüseyn Ağa. He was buried in the Mustafa III mausoleum.
DaughtersEdit
Mustafa III had at least nine daughters:<ref> Uluçay 2011, p. 151–158 </ref><ref> Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 466–483 </ref><ref> İyianlar, Arzu (1992). Vâlide Sultanlar'ın İmar Faaliyetleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. pp. 167–8, 170–71. </ref><ref> Dominic, Paulina D .; Roszak, Stanisław (2017). The Istanbul Memories in Salomea Pilsztynowa's Diary "Echo of the Journey and Adventures of My Life" (1760). pp. 52 n. 41. </ref><ref name="auto"/>
- Hibetullah Sultan (17 March 1759 - 7 June 1762) - with Mihrişah Kadin.<ref> According to Oztüna, her mother was Aynülhayat Kadın, but this information was discredited </ref> Also called Heybetullah Sultan or Heyyibetullah Sultan. Hers was the first imperial birth in 29 years, and was therefore celebrated for ten days and ten nights in an extremely luxurious way. Her nurse was Emine Hanim, sister of Aynülhayat Kadın, and, being Mustafa's mother, Mihrişah Kadin, died, was his sister, Saliha Sultan, wife of the Grand Vizier, who presided over her Cradle Procession. At three months, she was betrothed to Hamid Hamza Paşah. In the luxurious ceremony, her father gave her the lands of Gümrükçü, but she died of illness at the age of three before being able to celebrate the marriage. She was buried in the Mustafa III mausoleum.
- Şah Sultan (21 April 1761 - 11 March 1803) - with Rifat Kadın. Of frail health, she was engaged twice, but both her fiancés were executed before the wedding. She eventually managed to marry and had two biological daughters and an adoptive one.
- Reyhan Sultan (1761 -?) - with Fehime Kadın. She died as a child.
- Mihrimah Sultan (5 February 1762 - 16 March 1764) - with Aynülhayat Kadın. Her birth was celebrated for five days. She was buried in the Mustafa III mausoleum.
- Mihrişah Sultan (9 January 1763 - 21 February 1769) - perhaps with Aynülhayat Kadın. Her birth was celebrated for three days. She was buried in the mausoleum of Mustafa III.
- Beyhan Sultan (13 January 1766 - 7 November 1824) - with Adilşah Kadin. She married once and had a daughter.
- Hatice Sultan (15 June 1766–1767) - perhaps with Aynülhayat Kadın.
- Hatice Sultan (14 June 1768 - 17 July 1822) - with Adilşah Kadin. She married once and had a son.
- Fatma Sultan (9 January 1770 - 26 May 1772) - with Mihrişah Kadin. She was buried in the mausoleum of Mustafa III.
DeathEdit
Mustafa died of heart attack<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> on Friday,Template:Sfn 21 January 1774,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> at the Topkapı Palace, and was buried in his own mausoleum located at Laleli Mosque, Istanbul.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His death left the empire struggling with economic and administrative problems.Template:Sfn
- Laleli Mosque 6584.jpg
Laleli Mosque tomb Sultan Mustafa III and son Selim III
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
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