Nadsat

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Nadsat is a fictional register or argot used by the teenage gang members in Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange. Burgess was a linguist and he used this background to depict his characters as speaking a form of Russian-influenced English.<ref>Anthony Burgess, Language Made Plain and A Mouthful of Air.</ref> The name comes from the Russian suffix equivalent of -teen as in thirteen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Nadsat was also used in Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of the book.

Description

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} Nadsat is a mode of speech used by the nadsat, members of the teen subculture in the novel A Clockwork Orange. The narrator and protagonist of the book, Alex, uses it in first-person style to relate the story to the reader. He also uses it to communicate with other characters in the novel, such as his droogs, parents, victims and any authority-figures with whom he comes in contact. As with many speakers of non-standard varieties of English, Alex is capable of speaking standard English when he wants to. It is not a written language: the sense that readers get is of a transcription of vernacular speech.

Nadsat is English with some borrowed words from Russian. It also contains influences from Cockney rhyming slang, the King James Bible, German, some words of unclear origin and some that Burgess invented. The word nadsat is the suffix of Russian numerals from 11 to 19 ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). The suffix is an almost exact linguistic parallel to the English -teen and is derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'on' and a shortened form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the number ten. Droog is derived from the Welsh word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'bad', 'naughty' or 'evil' and the Russian word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning a 'close friend'.<ref>Eric Partridge, et al., The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English; Wiktionary друг (Russian)</ref> Some of the words are almost childish plays on English words, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('egg') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('apology'), as well as regular English slang sod and snuff it. The word like and the expression the old are often used as fillers or discourse markers.

The original 1991 translation of Burgess's book into Russian solved the problem of how to illustrate the Nadsat words by using transliterated, slang English words in places where Burgess had used Russian onesTemplate:Spndfor example, droogs became {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration). Borrowed English words with Russian inflection were widely used in Russian slang, especially among Russian hippies in the 1970s–1980s.

Function

Burgess was a polyglot who loved language in all its forms.<ref>"[He] loved to scatter polyglot obscurities like potholes throughout his more than 50 novels and dozens of nonfiction works. He could leap gaily from Welsh to French to Malay to Yiddish in one breath." Henry Kisor, Chicago Sun-Times 24 August 1997.</ref> However, he realized that if he used contemporary slang, the novel would very quickly become dated, owing to the way in which teenage language is constantly changing. He was therefore forced to invent his own vocabulary, and to set the book in an imaginary future. Burgess was later to point out that, ironically, some of the Nadsat words in the book had been appropriated by American teenagers, "and thus shoved [his] future into the discardable past."<ref>Anthony Burgess, 'Teenspeech', in Anthony Burgess, Homage to Qwert Yuiop London (Century Hutchinson) 1986, page 180.</ref> His use of Nadsat was pragmatic; he needed his narrator to have a unique voice that would remain ageless, while reinforcing Alex's indifference to his society's norms, and to suggest that youth subculture was independent from the rest of society. In A Clockwork Orange, Alex's interrogators describe the source of his argot as "subliminal penetration".

Russian influences

Russian influences play the biggest role in Nadsat. Most of those Russian-influenced words are slightly anglicized loan-words, often maintaining the original Russian pronunciation.<ref name="textual intricacies">Template:Cite book</ref> One example is the Russian word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is anglicized to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'people'.<ref name="real horrorshow">Template:Cite journal</ref> Another Russian word is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which is anglicized to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'grandmother', 'old woman'.<ref name="real horrorshow"/> Some of the anglicised words are truncated, for example {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'to understand', or otherwise shortened, for example {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'person, man' (though the anglicized word Template:Not a typo is also used in the book).

A further means of constructing Nadsat words is the employment of homophones (known as folk etymology). For example, one Nadsat term which may seem like an English composition, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, actually stems from the Russian word for 'good'; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which sounds similar to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="real horrorshow"/><ref name="argot implications">Template:Cite journal</ref> In this same manner many of the Russian loan-words become an English–Russian hybrid, with Russian origins, and English spellings and pronunciations.<ref name="understanding Nadsat talk">Template:Cite book</ref> A further example is the Russian word for 'head', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which sounds similar to Gulliver known from Gulliver's Travels; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} became the Nadsat expression for the concept 'head'.<ref name="real horrorshow"/><ref name="argot implications"/>

Many of Burgess's loan-words, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('girl') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('friend'), maintain both their relative spelling and meaning over the course of translation.<ref name="understanding Nadsat talk"/>

Other influences

Additional words were borrowed from other languages: A (possibly Saudi-owned) hotel was named 'Al Idayyin, an Arabic-sounding variant on "Holiday Inn" Hotel chain, while also alluding to the name Aladdin.

Word derivation by common techniques

Nadsat's English slang is constructed with common language-formation techniques. Some words are blended, others clipped or compounded.<ref name="textual intricacies"/> In Nadsat language a 'fit of laughter' becomes a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (shortened version of guffawing); a 'skeleton key' becomes a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('many keys'); and the 'state jail' is blended to the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which has the double entendre {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, so that its prisoners got there by a staged act of corruption, as revenge by the state, an interpretation that would fit smoothly into the storyline. Many common English slang terms are simply shortened. A cancer stick, which is (or was) a common English-slang expression for a cigarette, is shortened to a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="understanding Nadsat talk"/>

Rhyming slang

This feature of Nadsat is derived from Cockney.

{{#invoke

Lang|lang}} = 'chaplain': Chaplain and Chaplin (from Charlie Chaplin) are homophones. Using the principles of rhyming slang Burgess uses Charlie Chaplin as a synonym for 'chaplain' and shortens it to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="clockwork slang">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Better source needed

{{#invoke

Lang|lang}} = 'money': {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rhymes with bread and butter, a wilful alteration of bread and honey 'money'.<ref name="textual intricacies"/><ref name="argot implications"/>

{{#invoke

Lang|lang}} = 'money': Another colloquial expression used to describe the concept 'money' is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rhymes with pretty polly, which is the name of an English folk song and in the world of A Clockwork Orange becomes a new expression for 'money'.<ref name="clockwork slang"/>Template:Better source needed

{{#invoke

Lang|lang}} = 'corny'

{{#invoke

Lang|lang}} = 'fun': Fun means 'gang violence' in the context of the story.Template:Citation needed

See also

• Runglish
• Newspeak
• Verlan
• Polari
• List of nadsat words
• List of fictional languages

General bibliography

• Aggeler, Geoffrey. "Pelagius and Augustine in the novels of Anthony Burgess". English Studies 55 (1974): 43–55. {{#invoke:doi|main}}.
• Burgess, Anthony (1990). You've Had Your Time: Being the Second Part of the Confessions of Anthony Burgess. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. Template:ISBN. Template:Oclc.
• Gladsky, Rita K. "Schema Theory and Literary Texts: Anthony Burgess' NadsatTemplate:-". Language Quarterly 30:1–2 (Winter–Spring 1992): 39–46.
• Template:Cite journal