Nazi concentration camp badge
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Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of the system of identification in German camps. They were used in the concentration camps in the German-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The triangles were made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and trousers of the prisoners. These mandatory badges of shame had specific meanings indicated by their colour and shape. Such emblems helped guards assign tasks to the detainees. For example, a guard at a glance could see if someone was a convicted criminal (green patch) and thus likely of a tough temperament suitable for kapo duty.
Someone with an escape suspect mark usually would not be assigned to work squads operating outside the camp fence. Someone wearing an F could be called upon to help translate guards' spoken instructions to a trainload of new arrivals from France. Some historical monuments quote the badge-imagery, with the use of a triangle being a sort of visual shorthand to symbolize all camp victims.
The modern-day use of a pink triangle emblem to symbolize gay rights is a response to the camp identification patches.
Badge coding systemEdit
The system of badges varied between the camps and in the later stages of World War II the use of badges dwindled in some camps and became increasingly accidental in others. The following description is based on the badge coding system used before and during the early stages of the war in the Dachau concentration camp, which had one of the more elaborate coding systems.Template:Citation needed
Shape was chosen by analogy with the common triangular road hazard signs in Germany that denote warnings to motorists. Here, a triangle is called inverted because its base is up while one of its angles points down.Template:Citation needed
Single trianglesEdit
- Red triangle – political prisoners: occupied country resistance members (partisans), social democrats, liberals, socialists, communists, anarchists,Template:Verify source gentiles who assisted Jews, trade unionists, and Freemasons.Template:Citation needed
- Green triangle – convicts and criminals (often working as kapos).Template:Citation needed
- Blue triangle – foreign forced laborers and emigrants. This category included stateless people ("apatrides"),Template:Citation needed Spanish refugees from Francoist Spain whose citizenship was revoked and emigrants to countries which were occupied by Nazi Germany or were under German sphere of influence.<ref>Gabriele Hammermann, Stefanie Pilzweger-Steiner (2018) KZ-Gedenk·stätte Dachau: Ein Rund·gang in Leichter Sprache. p. 72</ref>
- Purple triangle – primarily Jehovah's Witnesses (over 99%) as well as members of other small pacifist religious groups.<ref group=notes>Johannes S. Wrobel (June 2006). "Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist Concentration Camps, 1933–45". Religion, State & Society. Vol. 34. No. 2. pp. 89–125. "The concentration camp prisoner category 'Bible Student' at times apparently included a few members from small Bible Student splinter groups, as well as adherents of other religious groups which played only a secondary role during the time of the National Socialist regime, such as Adventists, Baptists and the New Apostolic community (Garbe 1999, pp. 82, 406; Zeiger, 2001, p. 72). Since their numbers in the camps were quite small compared with the total number of Jehovah's Witness prisoners, I shall not consider them separately in this article. Historian Antje Zeiger (2001, p. 88) writes about Sachsenhausen camp: 'In May 1938, every tenth prisoner was a Jehovah's Witness. Less than one percent of the Witnesses included other religious nonconformists (Adventists, Baptists, pacifists), who were placed in the same prisoner classification.'"</ref>
- Pink triangle – primarily homosexual men and those who were identified as such at the time (e.g., bisexual men, male prostitutes, and those deemed 'transvestites'Template:Efn)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and sexual offenders as well as pedophiles and zoophiles.<ref>Richard Plant (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. Template:ISBN.</ref> Many in this group were subject to forced sterilization.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Black triangle – people who were deemed asocial elements ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and work-shy ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), including the following:
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- Mentally ill and developmentally disabled. Their triangles were additionally inscribed with the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning stupid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This category included, notably, autistic people among this group.Template:Citation needed Though many others including schizophrenic and epileptic<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/> people were forcibly sterilized, shot, or gassed in psychiatric institutions as opposed to at the Nazi camps.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Alcoholics and drug addicts.
- Vagrants and beggars.
- Pacifists and conscription resisters.
- Sex workers.<ref>Claudia Schoppmann (1990). Nationalsozialistische Sexualpolitik und weibliche Homosexualität. Dissertation, FU Berlin. Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1991 (revisited 2nd edition 1997). Template:ISBN</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Lesbians.<ref name="Elman">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Other disabled people, such as people with diabetes (as "Diabetes was conceptualized as a Jewish disease not necessarily because its prevalence was high among this population, but because medicine, science, and culture reinforced each other"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>).
- Brown triangle – Assigned to Roma later on in the Romani Holocaust.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Uninverted red triangle – an enemy POW ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning special detainee), a spy or traitor ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning activities detainee), or a military deserter or criminal ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning Armed Forces member).
- Some period examples of the single triangle design at Nazi camps
- Bundesarchiv Bild 183-78612-0007, KZ Sachsenhausen, Häftlinge bei Zählappel.jpg
Single-triangle badges in various colors visible on Sachsenhausen concentration camp detainees
- Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, December 19, 1938. Heinrich Hoffman Collection. - NARA - 540177.jpg
Single-triangles visible on Sachsenhausen detainees
- Purple Triangle.JPG
Specimen indicating a Jehovah's Witness
- Prisoners' Uniforms with Red Triangles of Political Prisoners - Museum Exhibit - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg
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- Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, 12-19-1938 - NARA - 540175.jpg
More Sachsenhausen detainees
- Bundesarchiv Bild 152-27-11A, Dachau, Konzentrationslager.jpg
Black triangles visible on the trousers of Romani detainees at Dachau
- Benedikt Kautsky.jpg
United States Army photo of Austrian economist and financial specialist Template:Ill, a political prisoner, who was liberated from Buchenwald
- A sick Polish survivor in the Hannover-Ahlem concentration camp receives medicine from a German Red Cross worker.jpg
Liberated Neuengamme survivor standing on the right has a triangle patch with a top-bar
- Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG
German concentration camp badge for Polish (non-Jewish) political prisoner in Stutthof.ID 29659 – Template:Ill
Double trianglesEdit
Template:See also Template:Multiple issues Double-triangle badges resembled two superimposed triangles forming a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.
- Red inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish political prisoner.
- Blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one representing foreign forced labour and political prisoner (for example, Spanish Republicans in Mauthausen).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Green inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish habitual criminal.
- Purple inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jehovah's Witness of Jewish descent.
- Pink inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish "sexual offender", typically a gay or bisexual man.
- Black inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing an "asocial" or work-shy Jew.
- Voided black inverted triangle superimposed over a yellow triangle representing a Jew convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (race defiler).
- Yellow inverted triangle superimposed over a black triangle representing an "Aryan" woman convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (race defiler).
Like those who wore pink and green triangles, people in the bottom two categories would have been convicted in criminal courts.
- Some period examples of the double triangle design at Nazi camps
- Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, December 19, 1938. Heinrich Hoffman Collection. - NARA - 540178.tif
Sachsenhausen detainee with glasses in the foreground wears a two-color ID-emblem
- Buchenwald Disabled Jews 13132 crop.jpg
Disabled Jews with a black triangle on a yellow triangle, meaning asocial Jews, Buchenwald, 1938.
- Bundesarchiv Bild 152-27-13A, Dachau Konzentrationslager, Häftlinge beim Appell.jpg
Part of a Dachau roll call – day badges visible on detainees
- SarahEwart-066.jpg
Sachsenhausen detainee's red political enemy triangle atop a yellow Jew triangle (lower left)
Distinguishing marksEdit
Template:Unsourced section In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example:
- B ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Belgians)
- E ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "English"; in practice used for all British)
- F ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, French)
- I ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Italians)
- J<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Yugoslavs)
- N ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Dutch)
- No ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Norwegian)
- P ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Poles)
- S ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Republican Spanish)
- T ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Czechs)
- U ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarians)
- Z notation next to a black triangle ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Gypsy).
Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.
Furthermore, repeat offenders ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning recidivists) would receive bars over their stars or triangles, a different colour for a different crime.
- A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
- A professional criminal would have a green bar.
- A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar (as their impressment was for the duration of the war), but might have a different coloured bar if they were drawn from another pool of inmates.
- A Jehovah's Witness would have a purple bar.
- A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
- An asocial would have a black bar.
- Roma and Sinti would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died and so would not normally receive a repeat stripe.
Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.
Special marksEdit
Template:More citations needed Many various markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two and possibly more than six.
Limited preventative custody detainee ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or BV) was the term for general criminals (who wore green triangles with no special marks). They originally were only supposed to be incarcerated at the camp until their term expired and then they would be released. However, when the war began they were confined indefinitely for its duration.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (reformatory inmates) wore E or EH in large black letters on a white square. They were made up of intellectuals and respected community members who could organize and lead a resistance movement, suspicious persons picked up in sweeps or stopped at checkpoints, people caught performing conspiratorial activities or acts and inmates who broke work discipline. They were assigned to hard labor for six to eight weeks and were then released. It was hoped that the threat of permanent incarceration at hard labor would deter them from further action.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (police inmates), short for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (police secure custody inmates), wore either PH in large black letters on a white square or the letter S (for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – secure custody) on a green triangle. To save expense, some camps had them just wear their civilian clothes without markings. Records used the letter PSV ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to designate them. They were people awaiting trial by a police court-martial or who were already convicted. They were detained in a special jail barracks until they were executed.
Some camps assigned {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (night and fog) prisoners had them wear two large letters NN in yellow.
Soviet prisoners of war ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) assigned to work camps ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) wore two large letters SU (for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning Soviet sub-human)Template:Citation needed in yellow and had vertical stripes painted on their uniforms. They were the few who had not been shot out of hand or died of neglect from untreated wounds, exposure to the elements, or starvation before they could reach a camp. They performed hard labor. Some joined Andrey Vlasov's Liberation Army to fight for the Germans.
Labor education detainees ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) wore a white letter A on their black triangle. This stood for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("work-shy person"), designating stereotypically "lazy" social undesirables like Gypsies, petty criminals (e.g. prostitutes and pickpockets), alcoholics/drug addicts and vagrants. They were usually assigned to work at labor camps.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (anti-socials) inmates wore a plain black triangle. They were considered either too "selfish" or "deviant" to contribute to society or were considered too impaired to support themselves. They were therefore considered a burden. This category included pacifists and conscription resisters, petty or habitual criminals, the mentally ill and the mentally and/or physically disabled. They were usually executed.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (punishment battalion) and SS {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (probation company) were military punishment units. They consisted of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and SS military criminals, SS personnel convicted by an Honor Court of bad conduct and civilian criminals for which military service was either the assigned punishment or a voluntary replacement of imprisonment. They wore regular uniforms, but were forbidden rank or unit insignia until they had proven themselves in combat. They wore an uninverted (point-upwards) red triangle on their upper sleeves to indicate their status. Most were used for hard labor, "special tasks" (unwanted dangerous jobs like defusing landmines or running phone cables) or were used as forlorn hopes or cannon fodder. The infamous Dirlewanger Brigade was an example of a regular unit created from such personnel.
A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (punishment company) was a hard labor unit in the camps. Inmates assigned to it wore a black roundel bordered white under their triangle patch.
Prisoners "suspected of [attempting to] escape" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) wore a red roundel bordered white under their triangle patch. If also assigned to hard labor, they wore the red roundel under their black {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} roundel.
A prisoner-functionary ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), or kapo (boss), wore a cloth brassard (their {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or identifying mark) to indicate their status. They served as camp guards ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), barracks clerks ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and the senior prisoners ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning elders) at the camp ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), barracks ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and room ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) levels of camp organization. They received privileges like bigger and sometimes better food rations, better quarters (or even a private room), luxuries (like tobacco or alcohol) and access to the camp's facilities (like the showers or the pool). Failure to please their captors meant demotion and loss of privileges and an almost certain death at the hands of their fellow inmates.
Detainees wearing civilian clothing (more common later in the war) instead of the striped uniforms were often marked with a prominent X on the back.<ref name=Saidel>Template:Cite book</ref> This made for an ersatz prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut (with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting color). Detainees would be compelled to sew their number and (if applicable) a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.<ref name=Saidel />
- Some period examples of nationality-letter marking at Nazi camps
- 13cwik.jpg
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- A1vestonf.JPG
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- Nazi concentration camp uniform fabric sample.jpg
Specimen meaning Polish political enemy
- Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG
Stutthof detainee 29659 – Lidia Główczewska, which showcases the letter P on a red triangle for Polish political enemy
- IgnacyKwarta.png
Auschwitz detainee Ignacy Kwarta wears a red P-triangle, meaning a Polish political enemy.
- Buchenwald Prisoners 83718.jpg
lang}} at Mauthausen<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- SarahEwart-069.JPG
Sachsenhausen-issued red F emblem for a French political enemy
- Kazimierkiewicz georg 1 hpk.jpg
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- Toasting Polish Dachau.jpg
Dachau survivors toast their liberation as the man standing in center between the bottles wears a P triangle.
- The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4010.jpg
Liberated Bergen-Belsen survivor with a late war ersatz variant (left) showcasing no cloth patch, but a prominent N marked on the outer clothes
- Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1993-051-07, Tafel mit KZ-Kennzeichen (Winkel) retouched.jpg
Plate with concentration camp marking.
Table of camp inmate markingsEdit
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Postwar useEdit
Triangle-motifs appear on many postwar memorials to the victims of the Nazis. Most triangles are plain while some others bear nationality-letters. The otherwise potentially puzzling designs are a direct reference to the identification patches used in the camps. On such monuments, typically an inverted (point down, base up) triangle (especially if red) evokes all victims, including also the non-Jewish victims like Poles and other Slavs, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti (see Porajmos), people with disability (see Action T4), Soviet POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses. An inverted triangle colored pink would symbolize gay male victims. A non-inverted (base down, point up) triangle and/or a yellow triangle is generally more evocative of the Jewish victims.Template:Citation needed
- Some examples of camp triangle emblems on monuments and related uses
- KZ Sachsenhausen - zentrales Mahnmal.JPG
- Todesmarsch Gedenkstein Breitenfeld.JPG
A Dora Todesmarsch (death march) roadside tablet marked only with the date and a red triangle
- Holocaust Memorial in Estonia.jpg
On the Klooga Jewish victims' memorial
- Crawinkel Gedenktafel.JPG
On a Buchenwald Todesmarsch (death march) route historical marker
- Death March Memorial Plaque, Oranienburg.jpg
On a Sachsenhausen death march route historical marker
- Belower-Damm-Wittstock-Dosse-Mahnmal.jpg
Monument (in the village of Grabow-Below) for Ravensbrück death march victims
- Denkmal KZ Woebbelin4.jpg
On a Wöbbelin memorial stone
- Gedenkstätte Lindenring (2).jpg
Boulder (in Lindenring) for 2,000 women victims of Ravensbrück
- Cenoteph of Cap Arcona.JPG
On a Cap Arcona incident memorial
- Neustadt-Glewe VVN-Denkmal 2008-01-03.jpg
At the Neustadt-Glewe concentration camp memorial
- French monument Mauthausen 1243.JPG
F-triangle at Mauthausen-Gusen honors French victims
- Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940-1945.jpg
B-triangle incorporated into the Belgian Political Prisoner's Cross
- KZ-Hinzert-Plakette-Nacht-und-Nebel.jpg
F-triangle at Hinzert honors French victims, especially of the Nacht und Nebel program
- Han Seelhorst Mahnmal KZ Opfer 01.PNG
On a monument to Neuengamme victims in Hamburg, where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters, but rather are the German abbreviation for Konzentrationslager
(concentration camp) - Ludwigsfelde Friedhof Gedenkstein Widerstandskämpfer.JPG
On a memorial to victims killed at Genshagen (right panel), where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters but rather are the German abbreviation for Konzentrationslager
(concentration camp) - Denkmal für die Opfer der NS-Konzentrationslager Zgorzelec.JPG
P-triangle at a Zgorzelec memorial
- Krzyż Oświęcimski Szymona Klugera, MZ-326-O 02.jpg
P-triangle on the Polish medal for camp victims
- Memorial with Prisoners Triangle Badges and Star of David Badge - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg
}}
- In memory of homosexual.JPG
Pink triangle (Rosa Winkel in German) memorial for gay men killed at Buchenwald
- Gedenktafel Rosa Winkel Nollendorfplatz.jpg
}}
- Ac.homomonument.jpg
Amsterdam's Homomonument uses pink triangles symbolically to memorialize gay men killed in the Holocaust and also victims of anti-gay violence generally.
- Memorial to the French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.jpg
Memorial to French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
- Zittau Ehrenmal für die Opfer des Faschismus (9899).jpg
Triangle emblem on the memorial to Nazi-era forced labor deaths at the truck factory in Zittau
- Pink triangle on Twin Peaks (19055079410).jpg
Every year, a pink triangle is erected on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend.
2020 Trump campaignEdit
In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As an example of the public outcry against the use of the downward-pointing red triangle, as reported by MotherJones, the Twitter account (@jewishaction),<ref>Template:Cite Twitter profile</ref> the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> a Progressive Jewish site stated:
"The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol.
Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors.
Their masks are off. pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Israel–Hamas warEdit
Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war. However, the Nazis used the inverted red triangle to identify prisoners with political views opposed to Nazism, not necessarily Jewish prisoners.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, some have compared Palestinian resistance to Ghetto uprisings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Informational notes Template:Reflist
Citations Template:Reflist
Bibliography
- Richard Plant (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. Template:ISBN.
- Camp badge chart at historyplace.com.
- Additional camp badge chart.
External linksEdit
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Classification system in Nazi concentration camps.
- Stars, triangles and markings. Jewish Virtual Library.
- Gay Prisoners in Concentration Camps as Compared with Jehovah's Witnesses and Political Prisoners. Ruediger Lautmann.