Negrito

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The term Negrito (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Lit) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. Populations often described as Negrito include: the Andamanese peoples (including the Great Andamanese, the Onge, the Jarawa, and the Sentinelese) of the Andaman Islands, the Semang peoples (among them, the Batek people) of Peninsular Malaysia, the Maniq people of Southern Thailand, as well as the Aeta of Luzon, the Ati and Tumandok of Panay, the Mamanwa of Mindanao, and about 30 other officially recognized ethnic groups in the Philippines.

Etymology

The word Negrito, the Spanish diminutive of negro, is used to mean "little black person." This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish missionaries operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin.<ref name=Manickham-2009>Template:Cite book</ref> Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, Negrillos, also tended to bundle these peoples with the pygmy peoples of Central Africa on the basis of perceived similarities in stature and complexion.<ref name=Manickham-2009/> (Historically, the label Negrito has also been used to refer to African pygmies.)<ref>See, for example: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911: "Second are the large Negrito family, represented in Africa by the dwarf-races of the equatorial forests, the Akkas, Batwas, Wochuas and others..." (p. 851)</ref> The appropriateness of bundling peoples of different ethnicities by similarities in stature and complexion has been called into question.<ref name=Manickham-2009/>

Population

There are over 100,000 Negritos in the Philippines. In 2010, there were 50,236 Aeta people in the Philippines.<ref name="pop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There were 55,473 Ati people (2020 census).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Officially, Malaysia had approximately 4,800 Negrito (Semangs).<ref name="Endicott">Template:Cite book Template:In lang</ref> This number increases if we include some of the populations or individual groups among Orang Asli who have either assimilated Negrito population or have admixed origins. According to the 2006 census, the number of Orang Asli was 141,230 <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Andamanese of India with just c. over 500. Thailand Negrito Maniq is estimated 300, divided into several clans.<ref name="TheMani">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">Primal Survivor: Season 5, episode 1</ref> Other puts it at 382<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or less than 500.<ref> 2016 https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1139777/no-common-ground</ref>

Culture

File:Taman Negara (30509997143).jpg

Batek family in Malaysia.

Most groups designated as "Negrito" lived as hunter-gatherers, while some also used agriculture, such as plant harvesting. Today most live assimilated to the majority population of their respective homeland. Discrimination and poverty are often problems, caused either by their lower social position, their hunter-gatherer lifestyles, or both.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Origins

File:PCA of Orang Asli and Andamanese with world populations in HGDP.png

Position of various ethnic groups considered "Negrito". Negritos and Oceanians are most closely related to East Asians followed by Native Americans.

File:A young Onge mother with her baby.jpg

A young Onge mother with her baby (Andaman Islands, India, 1905)

Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However, genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups descended from the same ancient East Eurasian meta-population that gave rise to modern East Asian peoples and Oceanian peoples, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed by Austroasiatic- and Austronesian-speaking groups who migrated from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia with the Neolithic expansion. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Basu 1594–1599">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Larena">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Carlhoff 543–547">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Genetic studies provided mixed evidence of modern Negrito populations, with admixtures in different. Studies indicate that Negrito populations are closer to their neighboring non-Negrito communities in their paternal heritage and overall DNA on average.<ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Creative Commons text attribution notice</ref><ref>Endicott et al. 2003; Thangaraj et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2011), Y chromosome (Delfin et al. 2011; Scholes et al. 2011), and autosomal (HUGO Pan-Asia SNP Consortium 2009) studies indicate that Negrito populations are closer to their neighboring non-Negrito communities.</ref>

It has been found that the physical and morphological phenotypes of Negritos, such as short stature, a wide and snub nose, curly hair and dark skin, "are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests" through convergent evolution and positive selection, rather than a remnant of a shared common ancestor, as suggested previously by some researchers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A Negrito-like population was most likely also present in Taiwan before the Neolithic expansion and must have persisted into historical times, as suggested by evidence from morphological features of human skeletal remains dating from around 6,000 years ago resembling Negritos (especially Aetas in northern Luzon), and further corroborated by Chinese reports from the Qing period rule of Taiwan (1684 to 1895) and from tales of Taiwanese indigenous peoples about people with "dark skin, short-and-small body stature, frizzy hair, and occupation in forested mountains or remote caves".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

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Notes

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Further reading

• Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. The Negritos of Malaya. Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1937.
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• Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. The Negritos of the Philippines. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964.
• Hurst Gallery. Art of the Negritos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hurst Gallery, 1987.
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• Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). The Negritos of Asia. Human relations area files, 1–2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files.
• Armando Marques Guedes (1996). Egalitarian Rituals. Rites of the Atta hunter-gatherers of Kalinga-Apayao, Philippines, Social and Human Sciences Faculty, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
• Zell, Reg. About the Negritos: A Bibliography. Edition blurb, 2011.
• Zell, Reg. Negritos of the Philippines. The People of the Bamboo - Age - A Socio-Ecological Model. Edition blurb, 2011.
• Zell, Reg, John M. Garvan. An Investigation: On the Negritos of Tayabas. Edition blurb, 2011.

External links

• Negritos of Zambales—detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture
• Andaman.org: The Negrito of Thailand
• The Southeast Asian Negrito