Nordic skiing

Template:Short description Template:Infobox sport Nordic skiing encompasses the various types of skiing in which the toe of the ski boot is fixed to the binding in a manner that allows the heel to rise off the ski,<ref> Template:Cite book</ref> unlike alpine skiing, where the boot is attached to the ski from toe to heel. Recreational disciplines include cross-country skiing and Telemark skiing.

Olympic events are competitive cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined — an event combining cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships host these sports every odd-numbered year,<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but there are also separate championships in other events, such as Telemark skiing<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ski flying. Biathlon combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, but is not included as a Nordic discipline under the rules of the International Ski Federation (FIS). Instead, it comes under the jurisdiction of the International Biathlon Union.<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>

The biomechanics of competitive cross-country skiing and ski jumping have been the subject of serious study. Cross-country skiing requires strength and endurance and ski jumping requires aerodynamic efficiency, both of which requirements translate into specific skills<ref> Template:Cite book</ref> to be optimized in training and competition.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref>

Origins

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Recreational skiing began with organized skiing exercises and races of the Norwegian and Swedish infantries. Military races and exercises included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3 km cross-country skiing with full military backpack.<ref name="Bergsland">Bergsland, Einar (1946): På ski. Oslo: Aschehoug.</ref> Slalom (Norwegian: slalåm) is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s skiers in Telemark challenged each other on "wild slopes" (ville låmir), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (kneikelåm) and sometimes included "steep jumps" (sprøytehopp) for difficulty. These 19th century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber-slides and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.<ref>Bø, Olav (1993). Skiing throughout history. Oslo: Samlaget. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Skate skiing

Skate skiing is a type of skiing where the skier pushes off the ground with their foot to gain speed. This technique was developed in the mid-1980s and since 1985 many races had different races for classic skiing and skate skiing due to the speed of skate skiing. Skate skiing uses many techniques for different terrains.

Classic skiing

Classic skiing was the first type of skiing used. Classic skis use grips on the bottom of the ski for the skier to kick off of. This technique is considered slower than skate skiing.

Venues

Noted Nordic skiing resorts around the world include the following:<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

North America

• Maple Leaf Trail, a 128-kilometer trail system between Ste. Agathe and Shawbridge in the Canadian Laurentian Mountains<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Catamount Trail that spans the length of Vermont
• Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort near Donner Pass in California
• Jackrabbit Ski Trail in the Adirondack Mountains of New York<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Devils Thumb Ranch offers cross-country and alpine skiing in Colorado.<ref name=":0" />
• The Maine Huts and Trails system offers Template:Convert of groomed terrain among the high peaks of Maine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

• Trapp Family Lodge in Stowe, Vermont, is named after the family of Maria Von Trapp and offers Template:Convert of groomed terrain.<ref name=":0" />
• Ammassalik Island is an island in East Greenland that offers opportunities for guided back-country ski-touring.<ref name=":0" />

Europe

• The Peer Gynt Trail in Norway extends Template:Convert via the Jotunheimen, Rondane and Dovrefjell national parks, a journey of about seven days with hostels along the way.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The Cirque du Gavarnie, is a cirque in the central Pyrenees, in Southwestern France, offers a limited, but scenic set of Nordic trails.<ref name=":0" />
• The Ylläs Ski Resort in Finland provides Template:Convert of trails, Template:Convert of which are illuminated.<ref name=":0" />
• Mattila holiday village in Finnskogen northwest of Torsby in Värmland provides up to Template:Convert of trails. Some trails extend all the way into Norway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Skier and Denali (8640710031).jpg

  Wilderness cross-country skiing in Alaska.

• SFC Vikersund 2012 Jurij Tepes sunday.jpg

  Jurij Tepeš during team competition of FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2012 in Vikersund, Norway.

• Telemark competition gate.png

  Telemark skiing competition