Northern Manitoba

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Northern Manitoba (also known as NorMan or Nor-Man)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a geographic and cultural region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. Manitoba originally encompassed only a small square around the Red River Colony, but it was extended north to the 60th parallel in 1912, thus acquiring a large northern region.<ref name="gc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="postage">Template:Cite journal</ref> The region's specific boundaries vary, as "northern" communities are considered to share certain social and geographic characteristics, regardless of latitude.

GeographyEdit

There is no universally accepted definition of Northern Manitoba, but the most detailed description is provided by the Manitoba Indigenous and Northern Relations Department:

"Northern Manitoba" means all that part of Manitoba north of the northern boundary of Township 21 that is not included in
(a) a wildlife management area or refuge designated as such under The Wildlife Act;
(b) a provincial forest designated as such under The Forest Act;
(c) a provincial park designated as such under The Provincial Parks Act;
(d) a municipality or local government district; or
(e) any area prescribed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council as not being within northern Manitoba for the purposes of this Act.{{#if:The Northern Affairs Act (2006)<ref name="naa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries
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For marketing purposes, Travel Manitoba considers Northern Manitoba to encompass everything north of the 53rd parallel.<ref name="travel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In contrast, the Look North economic development agency defines the North as consisting of Statistics Canada's Census Divisions 19, 21, 22, and 23.<ref name="look">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is also a defined territory of responsibility for the Northern Regional Health Authority, which excludes the town of Churchill.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Northern Manitoba is mostly pristine wilderness, regardless of the exact boundaries used to define it. It is situated on the Canadian Shield and includes the province's Hudson Bay coastline. Forestry, mining and hydro-electric development are significant economic drivers<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with long-term consequences to the environment in the region.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The region has a much higher proportion of Indigenous people than the rest of the province.

File:CAN MB Unincorporated.svg

The vast unincorporated areas of Manitoba not within any rural municipality, largely in Northern Manitoba.

ClimateEdit

Manitoba's northern region is mostly within the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate classification Dfc). It also has some Humid Continental (Koppen Dfb) areas in the south. This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation.<ref name="subarctic" /> Overnight temperatures as low as Template:Convert occur on several days each winter.<ref name="subarctic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EcologyEdit

This region is covered by large extents of stunted Black Spruce dominant forest, with association of Tamarack. There are several mammals in the region including the Arctic fox, Beluga whale and Polar bear. The Polar bear has a significant denning area within the Wapusk National Park, from which annual bear migrations to Hudson Bay are made.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Protected areasEdit

Northern Manitoba includes one national park (Wapusk National Park), a provincial forest (Cormorant Provincial Forest), several ecological reserves, and more than twenty provincial parks.

The provincial parks are as follows:

Zed Lake Provincial Park and Burge Lake Provincial Park are located near the town of Lynn Lake.<ref name="GOMSys"/>
Caribou River Provincial Park 59.5636°N 96.6611°W
Clearwater Lake Provincial Park 54.08305°N 101.078333°W
Grass River Provincial Park 54.6664°N 100.831°W
Little Limestone Lake Provincial Park Template:Coord
North Steeprock Lake Provincial Park Template:Coord
Nueltin Lake Provincial Park Template:Coord
Numaykoos Lake Provincial Park 57.865277777778°N 95.963333333333°W
Sand Lakes Provincial Park 57.84222°N 98.53°W
Colvin Lake Provincial Park Template:Coord
Paint Lake Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Bakers Narrows Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys">Template:Cite book</ref> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Bell Lake Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Grand Rapids Provincial Park is located at Template:Coord
Neso Lake Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Overflowing River Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Pisew Falls Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Red Deer River Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Rocky Lake Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Sasagiu Rapids Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Twin Lakes Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord
Wekusko Falls Provincial Park The park is Template:Convert<ref name="GOMSys"/> in size. It is located at Template:Coord

EconomyEdit

The major economic activities are mining and tourism.

DemographicsEdit

The region is composed of four census divisions: 19 and 21–23.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its total population according to the 2016 Census of population was 89,637, 7.0% of Manitoba's total population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest municipality is the city of Thompson. Other major population centres include the city of Flin Flon and the town of The Pas. Indian reserves comprise more than 49% of the region's population. There are 54 reserves with a total population of 40,572. The largest of these are Norway House 17 and Peguis 1B.

CommunitiesEdit

The following communities are within the northern Manitoba area:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

InfrastructureEdit

Northern Manitoba is accessed by two Provincial Trunk Highways: PTH 10 to Flin Flon and PTH 6 to Thompson, as well as a network of smaller roads.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These are extended in the winter by an additional network of winter roads.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Northern Manitoba is served by a single rail line running north from Winnipeg, via eastern Saskatchewan. The Canadian National Railway operates the line as far as The Pas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At The Pas, the line splits into branches. The Keewatin Railway Company owns the branch connecting The Pas to Pukatawagan, while the Hudson Bay Railway operates a cargo-only branch to Flin Flon and a mixed-use branch connecting to Churchill. All rail service between The Pas and Churchill was suspended from 2017 to 2018 due to a washout of tracks north of Amery. Via Rail passenger service operates on these lines as part of its Winnipeg–Churchill service.

Air transport provides access to many northern communities with 58 airfields in the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Calm Air and Perimeter Aviation provide scheduled passenger service into larger northern communities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chartered bush planes land on lakes when airfields are not available.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>