Nyonoksa
Template:Expand Russian Template:Infobox Russian urban-type settlement Nyonoksa, also Nenoksa,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk Town of Oblast Significance, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It is located at the coast of the Dvina Bay of the White Sea (the Summer Coast) Template:Convert northwest of the city of Severodvinsk. The Nyonoksa railway station is Template:Convert from Nyonoksa at the mostly military village of Sopka along the Northern Railway line from Severodvinsk. Nyonoksa is accessible by land vehicles only during the winter months when the nearby swampland freezes.
Missile testing siteEdit
Established in 1954 near Nyonoksa is "The State Central Navy Testing Range" (Template:Langx) which is the main rocket launching site of the Soviet Navy and later the Russian Navy and is also called Nyonoksa.<ref name=AP14082019>Template:Cite news</ref> The naval missile range is also known as military unit 09703.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn Since 1965 numerous rockets of the types R-27, R-29, R-39 Rif and R-39M were launched from Nyonoksa. These rockets were prototypes for the employment on missile submarines. The launching site is located in the mostly military settlement of Sopka (Template:Langx), which has a railroad station, hosts the military unit 09703, has a population similar to Nyonoksa of about 500, and is Template:Convert north of the selo of Nyonoksa.<ref name=Region2908082019>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=RadioSvoboda01092019>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=RadioSvoboda22082019>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 15 December 2015 at 11am, an accident during a missile launch test resulted in a block of flats in the mostly military village of Sopka, which is part of Nyonoksa, being hit by part of a rocket. A fire broke out, but all residents were evacuated in time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=DefendRussia16122015>Template:Cite news</ref>
2019 explosionEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On 8 August 2019 an explosion occurred at or near the test site killing five and injuring six (or three) people.<ref name="kramer">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=eckel>Template:Cite news</ref> The explosion was followed by a brief spike in radiation levels.<ref name=eckel/> According to Rosatom the explosion happened on a sea platform when a "liquid-propellant engine" was tested.Template:Cn While Russian authorities did not disclose what the power source was intended for, some Russian media as well as U.S. President Donald Trump have linked the event to the development of the nuclear-powered cruise missile 9M730 Burevestnik, also known by its NATO reporting name as the SSC-X-9 Skyfall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="KristensenKorda2021">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Culture and recreationEdit
Nyonoksa hosts 7 objects which are protected as cultural heritage monuments at the federal level.Template:RKN base<ref name=HeritageSites>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are grouped in two ensembles. The Nyonokotsky Pogost is one of the few surviving triple wooden church ensembles, consisting of two churches (a bigger, unheated, church used in the summer, a smaller, heated church used in the winter) and a bell-tower.<ref name=OldestPosad01022016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Nyonoksa churches are the St. Nicholas Church (1763) and the Trinity Church (1727).<ref name=OldestPosad01022016/> Nyonoksa was also notable for salt production.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=OldestPosad01022016/> Another ensemble, the salt production complex, is neglected since the Great Patriotic War (WWII).<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=OldestPosad01022016/>
HistoryEdit
Neolithic settlements from 2000 to 1000 BC at Nyonoksa - Sopka (Template:Langx) located Template:Convert from Nyonoksa were excavated in 1893.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=OldestPosad01022016/>
The city charter dates from 1397 under Novgorod and later Muscovy rule.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/> The city was named Nyo from Old Scythian meaning "fast flowing river" and Oxa from Finno-Ugric tribes meaning "river" or "small stream". Another version claims that the settlement is named after a Finno-Ugric leader named Niyuksa Soake (Template:Langx).<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=OldestPosad01022016/>
Salt production began during the 1000s and lasted until rich sources were discovered in the Urals during the 1800s which led to Nyonoksa's salt trade ending the early 1900s.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=OldestPosad01022016/>
In 1419 and 1445, Norwegian Vikings or Northmen sacked wealthy Nyonoksa.<ref name=Regnum17122016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1553, an English ship the Edward Bonaventure in the Hugh Willoughby expedition and captained by Richard Chancellor and Clement Adams arrived during England's search for the Northern Sea Route to China and India and thus opened Russia under Czar Ivan IV to English merchants.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/><ref name=AberdeenshireEdwardBonaventure09032016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=CanmoreEdwardBonaventure>Template:Canmore</ref>Template:Efn The ship's captain and crew were taken to Czar Ivan IVTemplate:Efn while the ship was repaired.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/> Following repairs Edward Bonaventure sailed for London in 1556 with the first Russian ambassador to England aboard, Osep Gregorovitch Napea, arriving in London in 1557.<ref name=AberdeenshireEdwardBonaventure09032016/><ref name=CanmoreEdwardBonaventure/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This began the formal diplomatic relations between England and Russia.<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/> Nyonoksa was Russia's original "window to England" (Template:Langx).<ref name=ClosedNyonoksa30072015/>