O

O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is o (pronounced Template:IPAc-en), plural oes.<ref>"O" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989);Chambers-Happap, "oes" op. cit. Oes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered Os, O's, os, o's.</ref>

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long O" sound, pronounced Template:IPAc-en. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

File:Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages.png

Pronunciation of the name of the letter Template:Angbr in European languages

History

Egyptian	Phoenician Ayin	Western Greek Omicron	Etruscan O	Latin O
File:Hieroglyph D4.svg	File:PhoenicianO-01.svg	File:Greek Omicron 04.svg	File:EtruscanO-01.svg	Latin O

File:Newes ABC Buchlein MET DP855603.jpg

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of an O, from 1627

Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ʿeyn, meaning "eye", and its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, Template:Cf.Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably Template:IPAblink, the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ʿayn.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter "omicron" to represent the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The letter was adopted with the value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet. In Greek, a variation of the form later came to differentiate this long sound (omega, meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o"). The Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Use in writing systems

English

The letter Template:Angbr is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated "long" and "short" pronunciations. The "long" Template:Angbr as in boat is actually most often a diphthong Template:IPAc-en (realized dialectically anywhere from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}). In English, there is also a "short" Template:Angbr as in fox, Template:IPAc-en, which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or an open back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to a central vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Common digraphs include Template:Angbr, which represents either Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en; Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr, which typically represents the diphthong Template:IPAc-en, and Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, and Template:Angbr which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.<ref name=":1" />

In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, Template:Angbr may represent the sound Template:IPAc-en, as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel Template:IPAc-en, as in choir or quinoa.Template:Fact

"O" in isolation is a word, also spelled "oh" and pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Before a noun, usually capitalized, it indicates direct address (the vocative case), as in the titles "O Canada" or "O Captain! My Captain!" or in certain verses of the Bible.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other languages

Template:Angbr is commonly associated with the open-mid back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, mid back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or close-mid back rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in many languages. Other languages use Template:Angbr for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.Template:Fact

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr IPA represents the close-mid back rounded vowel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other uses

• Oxygen, symbol O, a chemical element

Related characters

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations<ref name="unicode2006"/>
• ∅ : empty set symbol<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• º : Masculine ordinal indicator
• Calligraphic O (𝒪, 𝓸): Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤏 : Semitic letter Ayin, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Ω ω : Greek letter Omega
  • Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron
    • Template:Script : Coptic letter O, which derives from Greek omicron
    • О о : Cyrillic letter O, which also derives from Omicron
    • 𐌏 : Old Italic O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O
    • Օ օ : Armenian letter OTemplate:Citation needed

See also

• O mark
• Open O (Ɔ ɔ)
• 0 (zero). The capital letter O may be mistaken or misused for the number 0, as they appear quite identical in some typefaces. Early typewriters did not have a 'zero' key.

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline