Octreotide

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Cs1 config Template:Main other {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:TemplatePar |check |template=Template:Infobox_drug |all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN= source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis= gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method= sec_combustion= Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu= D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv= Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr= index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment= CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2= CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2= QID= QID2=PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment= |cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters |format=0|errNS=0

|preview=

}}{{Infobox drug/maintenance categoriesTemplate:Yesno | drug_name = | INN = | _drugtype =

| _has_physiological_data= | _has_gene_therapy=

| vaccine_type= | mab_type= | _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }} | _vaccine_data= | _mab_data= | _mab_vaccine_data= | _mab_other_data=49661010C[C@H]([C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)CCCCN)Cc2c[nH]c3c2cccc3)Cc4ccccc4)NC(=O)[C@@H](Cc5ccccc5)N)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@@H](C)O)O1S/C49H66N10O10S2/c1-28(61)39(25-60)56-48(68)41-27-71-70-26-40(57-43(63)34(51)21-30-13-5-3-6-14-30)47(67)54-37(22-31-15-7-4-8-16-31)45(65)55-38(23-32-24-52-35-18-10-9-17-33(32)35)46(66)53-36(19-11-12-20-50)44(64)59-42(29(2)62)49(69)58-41/h3-10,13-18,24,28-29,34,36-42,52,60-62H,11-12,19-23,25-27,50-51H2,1-2H3,(H,53,66)(H,54,67)(H,55,65)(H,56,68)(H,57,63)(H,58,69)(H,59,64)/t28-,29-,34-,36+,37+,38-,39-,40+,41+,42+/m1/s1DEQANNDTNATYII-OULOTJBUSA-NTemplate:StdinchiciteTemplate:Stdinchicite | _combo_data= | _physiological_data= | _clinical_data=Template:Drugs.coma693049Octreotide CSubcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, by mouthSandostatin, Bynfezia Pen, Mycapssa, othersH01 | _legal_data=S4Rx-only<ref name="Mycapssa EPAR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref>Rx-onlyPOM<ref name="Sandostatin label" /><ref name="Bynfezia Pen label" /><ref name="Mycapssa FDA label">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Rx-only

| _other_data=(4R,7S,10S,13R,16S,19R)-10-(4-aminobutyl)-19-
[[(2R)-2-amino-3-phenyl-propanoyl]amino]-16-
benzyl-N-[(2R,3R)-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]-7-
(1-hydroxyethyl)-13-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,
15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-
pentazacycloicosane-4-carboxamide

| _image_0_or_2 = Octreotide.svgOctreotride PDB-6vc1.png | _image_LR =

| _datapage = Octreotide (data page) | _vaccine_target={{#ifeq: | vaccine | | _type_not_vaccine }} | _legal_all=S4Rx-onlyPOMRx-onlyRx-only | _ATC_prefix_supplemental=H01 | _has_EMA_link = | CAS_number=83150-76-9 | PubChem=Octreotide | ChemSpiderID=395352 | ChEBI=7726 | ChEMBL=1680 | DrugBank=DB00104 | KEGG=D00442 | _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:1S/C49H66N10O10S2/c1-28(61)39(25-60)56-48(68)41-27-71-70-26-40(57-43(63)34(51)21-30-13-5-3-6-14-30)47(67)54-37(22-31-15-7-4-8-16-31)45(65)55-38(23-32-24-52-35-18-10-9-17-33(32)35)46(66)53-36(19-11-12-20-50)44(64)59-42(29(2)62)49(69)58-41/h3-10,13-18,24,28-29,34,36-42,52,60-62H,11-12,19-23,25-27,50-51H2,1-2H3,(H,53,66)(H,54,67)(H,55,65)(H,56,68)(H,57,63)(H,58,69)(H,59,64)/t28-,29-,34-,36+,37+,38-,39-,40+,41+,42+/m1/s1DEQANNDTNATYII-OULOTJBUSA-N |yes}} | UNII=RWM8CCW8GP | _hasJmol02 = |_hasMultipleCASnumbers = 79517-01-4 |_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = 448601 |_hasMultipleChEBIs =

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}} | _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}} | _trackListSortletter= |QID = |QID2 = |Verifiedfields=changed |Watchedfields=changed |verifiedrevid=458287873}}

Octreotide, sold under the brand name Sandostatin among others, is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone. It was first synthesized in 1979 and binds predominantly to the somatostatin receptors SSTR2 and SSTR5.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

It was approved for use in the United States in 1988.<ref name="Bynfezia Pen label" /><ref name="Sandostatin label" /> Octreotide was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2022.<ref name="Mycapssa EPAR" /> Template:As of, octreotide is the first oral somatostatin analog (SSA) approved by the FDA.<ref name="Chiasma Mycapssa PR" /> It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">Template:Cite book</ref>

Medical uses

Tumors

Octreotide is used for the treatment of growth hormone producing tumors (acromegaly and gigantism), when surgery is contraindicated, pituitary tumors that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropinoma),Template:Citation needed diarrhea and flushing episodes associated with carcinoid syndrome, and diarrhea in people with vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Octreotide is also used in mild cases of glucagonoma when surgery is not an option.<ref>Octreotide Template:Drugs.com</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Bleeding esophageal varices

Octreotide is often given as an infusion for management of acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis on the basis that it reduces portal venous pressure, though current evidence suggests that this effect is transient and does not improve survival.<ref name="pmid18677774">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Radiolabeling

Template:Further Octreotide is used in nuclear medicine imaging by labeling with indium-111 (Octreoscan) to noninvasively image neuroendocrine and other tumours expressing somatostatin receptors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has been radiolabeled with carbon-11<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as well as gallium-68 (using edotreotide), enabling imaging with positron emission tomography (PET).

Acromegaly

In June 2020, octreotide (Mycapssa) was approved for medical use in the United States with an indication for the long-term maintenance treatment in acromegaly patients who have responded to and tolerated treatment with octreotide or lanreotide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Chiasma Mycapssa PR">Template:Cite press release</ref> Mycapssa is the first oral somatostatin analog (SSA) approved by the FDA.<ref name="Chiasma Mycapssa PR" />

Hypoglycemia

Octreotide is also used in the treatment of refractory hypoglycemia or congenital hyperinsulinism in neonates<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and sulphonylurea-induced hypoglycemia in adults.

Contraindications

Octreotide has not been adequately studied for the treatment of children as well as pregnant and lactating women. The medication is given to these groups only if a risk-benefit analysis is positive.<ref name="AustriaCodex">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Arzneistoff-Profile">Template:Cite book</ref>

Adverse effects

The most common adverse effects are headache, hypothyroidism, cardiac conduction changes, gastrointestinal reactions (including cramps, nausea/vomiting and diarrhoea or constipation), gallstones, reduction of insulin release, hyperglycemia<ref name="pmid20132129">Template:Cite journal</ref> or sometimes hypoglycemia, and (usually transient) injection site reactions. Slow heart rate, skin reactions such as pruritus, hyperbilirubinemia, hypothyroidism, dizziness and dyspnoea are also fairly common (more than 1%). Rare side effects include acute anaphylactic reactions, pancreatitis and hepatitis.<ref name="AustriaCodex" /><ref name="Arzneistoff-Profile" />

Some studies reported alopecia in those who were treated by octreotide.<ref name="pmid9391775">Template:Cite journal</ref> Rats which were treated by octreotide experienced erectile dysfunction in a 1998 study.<ref name="pmid9467491">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A prolonged QT interval has been observed, but it is uncertain whether this is a reaction to the medication or the result of an existing illness.<ref name="AustriaCodex" />

Interactions

Octreotide can reduce the intestinal reabsorption of ciclosporin, possibly making it necessary to increase the dose.<ref name="Arzneimittel-Interaktionen">Template:Cite book</ref> People with diabetes mellitus might need less insulin or oral antidiabetics when treated with octreotide, as it inhibits glucagon secretion more strongly and for a longer time span than insulin secretion.<ref name="AustriaCodex" /> The bioavailability of bromocriptine is increased;<ref name="Arzneistoff-Profile" /> besides being an antiparkinsonian, bromocriptine is also used for the treatment of acromegaly.

Pharmacology

Since octreotide resembles somatostatin in physiological activities, it can:

• inhibit secretion of many hormones, such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, TSH, and vasoactive intestinal peptide,
• reduce secretion of fluids by the intestine and pancreas,
• reduce gastrointestinal motility and inhibit contraction of the gallbladder,
• inhibit the action of certain hormones from the anterior pituitary,
• cause vasoconstriction in the blood vessels, and
• reduce portal vessel pressures in bleeding varices.

It has also been shown to produce analgesic effects, most probably acting as a partial agonist at the mu opioid receptor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pharmacokinetics

Octreotide is absorbed quickly and completely after subcutaneous application. Maximal plasma concentration is reached after 30 minutes. The elimination half-life is 100 minutes (1.7 hours) on average when applied subcutaneously; after intravenous injection, the substance is eliminated in two phases with half-lives of 10 and 90 minutes, respectively.<ref name="AustriaCodex" /><ref name="Arzneistoff-Profile" />

History

Octreotide acetate was approved for use in the United States in 1988.<ref name="Sandostatin label">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Bynfezia Pen label" />

In January 2020, approval of octreotide acetate in the United States was granted to Sun Pharmaceutical under the brand name Bynfezia Pen for the treatment of:<ref name="Bynfezia Pen label">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Bynfezia Pen letter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:PD-notice</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• the reduction of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) in adults with acromegaly who have had inadequate response to or cannot be treated with surgical resection, pituitary irradiation, and bromocriptine mesylate at maximally tolerated doses
• severe diarrhea/flushing episodes associated with metastatic carcinoid tumors in adults
• profuse watery diarrhea associated with vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors (VIPomas) in adults

Society and culture

Legal status

In September 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Mycapssa, intended for the treatment of adults with acromegaly.<ref name="Mycapssa: Pending EC decision" /> The applicant for this medicinal product is Amryt Pharmaceuticals DAC.<ref name="Mycapssa: Pending EC decision">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref> Mycapssa was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2022.<ref name="Mycapssa EPAR" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2025, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Oczyesa, intended for the maintenance treatment of adults with acromegaly.<ref name="Oczyesa EPAR" /> The applicant for this medicinal product is Camurus AB.<ref name="Oczyesa EPAR" /> Oczyesa is a hybrid medicine of Sandostatin, which has been authorized in the EU since November 1988. Oczyesa contains the same active substance as Sandostatin but as a different salt and is available at a higher strength and in a different pharmaceutical form.<ref name="Oczyesa EPAR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref>

Research

Octreotide has also been used off-label for the treatment of severe, refractory diarrhea from other causes. It is used in toxicology for the treatment of prolonged recurrent hypoglycemia after sulfonylurea and possibly meglitinide overdose. It has also been used with varying degrees of success in infants with nesidioblastosis to help decrease insulin hypersecretion. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the effect of octreotide as acute treatment (abortive agent) in cluster headache, where it has been shown that administration of subcutaneous octreotide is effective when compared with placebo.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Octreotide has also been investigated in people with pain from chronic pancreatitis.<ref name="pmid10207228">Template:Cite journal</ref>

It has been used in the treatment of malignant bowel obstruction.<ref name="pmid18490369">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Octreotide may be used in conjunction with midodrine to partially reverse peripheral vasodilation in the hepatorenal syndrome. By increasing systemic vascular resistance, these medications reduce shunting and improve renal perfusion, prolonging survival until definitive treatment with liver transplant.<ref name="pmid19238094">Template:Cite journal</ref> Similarly, octreotide can be used to treat refractory chronic hypotension.<ref name="patient.info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Unreliable medical source

While successful treatment has been demonstrated in case reports,<ref name="pmid16392238">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid16487393">Template:Cite journal</ref> larger studies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in treating chylothorax.<ref name="pmid16242470">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A small study has shownTemplate:When that octreotide may be effective in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Unreliable medical source<ref name="pmid17700925">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Obesity

Octreotide has been used experimentally to treat obesity, particularly obesity caused by lesions in the hunger and satiety centers of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.<ref name=Lustig2003>Template:Cite journal</ref> The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that has outputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the brain's feeding and satiety centers, respectively.<ref name="flier">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The ventromedial hypothalamus is sometimes injured by ongoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or surgery or radiation to treat posterior cranial fossa tumors.<ref name=Lustig2003 /> With the ventromedial hypothalamus disabled and no longer responding to peripheral energy balance signals, "Efferent sympathetic activity drops, resulting in malaise and reduced energy expenditure, and vagal activity increases, resulting in increased insulin secretion and adipogenesis."<ref name=Lustig2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> "VMH dysfunction promotes excessive caloric intake and decreased caloric expenditure, leading to continuous and unrelenting weight gain. Attempts at caloric restriction or pharmacotherapy with adrenergic or serotonergic agents have previously met with little or only brief success in treating this syndrome."<ref name=Lustig2003 /> In this context, octreotide suppresses the excessive release of insulin and may increase its action, thereby inhibiting excessive adipose storage. In a small clinical trial in eighteen pediatric subjects with intractable weight gain following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumors and other evidence of hypothalamic dysfunction, octreotide reduced body mass index (BMI) and insulin response during glucose tolerance test, while increasing parent-reported physical activity and quality of life (QoL) relative to placebo.<ref name=Lustig2003 /> In a separate placebo-controlled trial of obese adults without known hypothalamic lesions, obese subjects who received long-acting octreotide lost weight and reduced their BMI compared to subjects receiving placebo; post hoc analysis suggested greater effects in participants receiving the higher dose of the medication, and among "Caucasian subjects having insulin secretion greater than the median of the cohort." "There were no statistically significant changes in QoL scores, body fat, leptin concentration, Beck Depression Inventory, or macronutrient intake", although subjects taking octreotide had higher blood glucose after a glucose tolerance test than those receiving placebo.<ref name=Lustig2006>Template:Cite journal</ref>